Proceedings of the European Summer School of Photovoltaics 4 â 7 ...

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Conclusions There are many types of organic and organic/inorganic (hybrid) photovoltaic devices that possess many beneficial properties over inorganic solar cells. That makes the former suitable for a broad range of applications and hence so much attention is paid to their development. In spite of intensive research carried on this field of science and technology there are still many crucial problems that need to be solved. Extensive knowledge on physical basis of operation of organic and hybrid systems, fast development of nanotechnology, great variety of organic materials and methods of their modification will pave the way for commercial applications of these devices. References [1] Toward a Just and Sustainable Solar Energy Industry, A Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition White Paper, January 14, 2009. [2] Brabec Ch. J.: “Organic photovoltaics: technology and market”, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 83 (2004), 273-292. [3] Jorgensen M., K. Norrman, F. C. Krebs: “Stability/degradation of polymer solar cells”, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 92 (2008) 686–714. [4] Clarke T. M., J. R. Durrant: “Charge photogeneration in organic solar cells”, Chemical Review 110 (2010) 6736–6767. [5] Scharber M. C., D. Muhlbacher, M. Koppe, P. Denk, C. Waldauf, A. J. Heeger, C. J. Brabec: Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 789–794. [6] Kinoshita Y., R. Takenaka, H. Murata: “Independent control of opencircuit voltage of organic solar cells by changing film thickness of MoO3 buffer layer “, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 (2008), 243309-1-3. [7] Kim D.Y., G. Sarasquerta, and F. So: “SnPc:C60 bulk hetero−junction organic photovoltaic cells with MoO3 interlayer”, Sol. Energ. Mat. Sol. C93 (2009), 1452–1456. [8] Vogel M., S. Doka, Ch. Breyer, M.Ch. Lux−Steiner, and K.Festiropoulos: “On the function of a bathocuproine buffer layer in organic photovoltaic cells”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 (2006), 163501−1−3. [9] Gommans H., B. Verreet, B.P. Rand, R. Muller, J. Poortmans, P. Heremans and J. Genoe: “On the Role of Bathocuproine in Organic Photovoltaic Cells”, Adv. Funct. Mater. 18 (2008), 3686–3691. [10] Signerski R., G. Jarosz: “Effect of buffer layers on performance of organic photovoltaic devices based on copper phthalocyanine – perylene dye heterojunction”, Opto−Electron. Rev. 19 (2011), 468–473. [11] Signerski R., G. Jarosz, B. Kościelska: “Photovoltaic effect in hybrid heterojunction formed from cadmium telluride and zinc perfluorophthalocyanine layers”, J. Non- Cryst. Sol. 356 (2010), 2053–2055. [12] Signerski R., G. Jarosz, B. Kościelska: “On photovoltaic effect in hybrid heterojunction formed from palladium phthalocyanine and titanium dioxide layers, J. Non-Cryst. Sol. 355 (2009), 1405–1407. [13] Signerski R., B. Kościelska: “Photovoltaic properties of a sandwich cell consisting of bromophosphorus phthalocyanine and titanium dioxide layers”, Opt. Mat. 27 (2005), 1480–1483. [14] Rowell M.W., M.A. Topinka, M.D. McGehee, H.J. Prall, G. Dennler, N.S. 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A. Mikroyannidis, E. Kymakis: Sol. Energy Mat. Sol. Cells 94 (2010) 267–274. [24] Jubete E., K. Żelechowska, O. A. Loaiza, P. J. Lamas, E. Ochoteco, K. D. Farmer, K. P. Roberts, J. F. Biernat: Electrochim. Acta 56 (2011) 3988–3995. [25] Sadowska K. (Żelechowska), J. F. Biernat, K. Stolarczyk, R. Bilewicz, K. Roberts, J. Rogalski: Bioelectrochem. 80(1) (2010) 73–80. [26] Sadowska K. (Żelechowska), K.P. Roberts, R. Wiser, J.F. Biernat, E. Jabłonowska and R. Bilewicz: Carbon 47 (2009) 1501–1510. Surface morphology and optical properties of polymer thin films JAN Weszka 1,2) , Magdalena Szindler 1,4) , Maria Bruma 3) 1) Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology,Gliwice, Poland 2) Department of Physics, Center of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences,Zabrze, Poland 3) Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry,Romania, 4) Corresponding author Industrial development has always been associated with the development of energy technologies, mainly consisted of the introduction of changes to the existing and implementing new types of energy sources. In the twentieth century, these changes consisted mainly in the transition from coal as the primary energy fuel for petroleum and then from oil to gas. Today, the economic and ecological reasons, looking for alternative sources of energy. Seems to be the most valuable comes from renewable sources and can be converted to any form of energy. The rapid development of electronics and materials science, and especially for semiconductor and chemistry of polymeric materials is related to the introduction of modern engineering materials. Gained important conductive polymers [1, 2]. The most famous of conductive polymer materials include polyacetylene, polythiophene, and polyphenylene. An important group of polymers whose main chains are composed of carbon atoms connected by alternating single and double bonds, called conjugated polymers. Conjugated polymers can be used in photovoltaic and optoelectronics. This group includes polyoxadiazoles. Conductive polymers often show a conductivity only slightly worse than the most conductive metals (Fig. 1) [3–6]. 120 isolators semiconductors metals S/m 10 -16 quartz Experiment double bonds conjugated polymers 10 -12 diamond 10-8 glass 10 -4 silicon 100 germanium 104 10 6 copper iron silver Fig. 1. Changes in the degree of doping will change the conductivity indicated by arrow To research was used a sample of experimental material from the Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, in Romania. The polymer, which construction is shown in Tab. 1, was used. The first stage of the study was to obtain the polymer thin films. For this purpose, the polymer was dissolved in NMP (1-methyl-2- Elektronika 6/2012
pyrrolidone). To 0.04 g of polymer was added 1 ml of NMP. Dissolution reaction was performed at 200 to 210°C in a time equal to 10 hours. Then solution was applied to glass substrates by spincoating method. The thin films were coatedin room temperature with a different speed 1000, 2000 and 3000 rev/min. The resulting samples were gradually heated from room temperature to 180°C and cured for an 1 hour. In the next step the samples were examine under the microscopes: CLSM and AFM, and then were tested with using a spectrometer UV/VIS. Studies using CLSM microscopy was performed to assess the state of the quality of the thin films. Images of polyoxadiazoles thin films were observed with a magnification of 5000× (the area was 120×120 microns). The study of surface topography with using a confocal microscope allowed us to assess the quality of thin films. Research with using atomic force microscopy AFM XE 100 were performed to characterize the surface morphology and to analysis surface roughness. Photos were taken in noncontact mode, watching an area of 10×10 microns. Studies with using a spectrometer UV/VIS were performed to determine the absorption coefficient of the thin films. Fig. 3. The topography image of the surface of the thin film of polymer DDE-Per-6F (2:1:1) coated with a 2000 rev/min spin speed obtained under the microscope: a) CLSM; b) AFM Tab. 1. Schematic structure of investigated polyoxadiazol Polymer Schematic structure y x z Molar ratio (x:y:z) DDE-Per-6F 2:1:1 Fig. 4. The topography image of the surface of the thin film of polymer DDE-Per-6F (2:1:1) coated with a 3000 rev/min spin speed obtained under the microscope: a) CLSM; b) AFM a) Results Research on CLSM confocal microscopy was performed to assess the state of the quality of the thin films. Images of them were observed at a magnification of 5000×. Research with using atomic force microscopy AFM XE 100 were performed to characterize the surface morphology and to analysis surface roughness. In Fig. 2 – 4 is a view surface topography of polymer DDE-Per- 6F (2:1:1) coated properly with a 1000, 2000 and 3000 rev/min spin speed. In Figures 2a) – 4a) shows the CLSM polymer thin films images surface coated with different speeds. Fig. 2a) shows a numerous of agglomeration areas, exceeding even 10 microns, due to an early precipitation of the polymer. As speed increases the accumulation rozwirowania become smaller and occur less frequently (Fig. 3a). In Figures 2b) – 4b) shows the view obtained with the AFM microscope. Looking at the topography of the thin film surface coated with a 1000 rev/min (Fig. 2b) can be seen a single precipitation of approximately 4×2.5 microns. The thin film coated with a 3000 rev/min spin speed (Fig. 4b) is characterized by numerous small irregularities do not exceed 0.5 microns. b) c) Fig. 5. The histogram of frequency of the occurred height for a polymer DDE-Per-6F (2:1:1) thin films coated with a spin speed at: a) 1000 rev/min, b) 2000 rev/min, c) 3000 rev/min Fig. 2. The topography image of the surface of the thin film of polymer DDE-Per-6F (2:1:1) coated with a 1000 rev/min spin speed obtained under the microscope: a) CLSM; b) AFM An analysis of the roughness of each thin film in the program carried out XEI’s Park System. Surface roughness was characterized by calculating the roughness parameters Rq, Ra, maximum height. In Fig. 5. shows histograms of the thin films DDE-Per-6F (2:1:1) – the distribution of surface irregularities. The shapes and histograms distribution indicate that the polymer DDE-Per-6F (2:1:1) thin film coated with a 3000 rev/min spin speed should be characterized by the lowest surface roughness (Fig. 5c). On the histograms the x axis represents the height of data points in the sample. The y axis represents the number of pixels in the selected region group. Elektronika 6/2012 121
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Page 9 and 10: Summary The silver nanopowder paste
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