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40 CHAPTER 3. FROM ATOMS TO SOLIDS<br />

Figure 3.4: Liquid crystal structures<br />

Schematic representation <strong>of</strong> the position and orientation <strong>of</strong> anisotropic molecules in: (a) the<br />

isotropic phase; (b) the nematic phase; (c) the smectic-A phase; and (d) the smectic-C phase.<br />

[From Chaikin and Lubensky]

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