TPF-C Technology Plan - Exoplanet Exploration Program - NASA

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Chapter 1 interferometry, continues to be an excellent source of information related to TPF and the search for life on other planets. Document 1.3 (h) is the group of standard JPL documents that capture, at a high level of detail, the plans for implementing each Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) task. The WAs are signed by the doing organizations and, hence, represent commitments to the Project that the work will get done for the agreed upon budget and schedule. Most of these documents can be downloaded from the TPF Library at: http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/TPF/tpf_index.html. 1.4 Science Objectives of TPF-C The major scientific objectives of TPF-C are to: 4 a) Search for and detect any Earth-like planets in the habitable zone around nearby stars b) Characterize Earth-like planets and their atmospheres, assess habitability and search for signatures of life c) Carry out a program of comparative planetology d) Enable a program of “revolutionary” general astrophysics The main scientific goal of TPF-C is to detect directly and characterize Earth-like planets around nearby stars. The requirements that flow down from this goal define the characteristics of the observatory design and the mission. In particular, the ability to directly detect planets implies that TPF-C must be capable of separating the planet light from the starlight. Moreover, the facility must provide a sensitivity that will enable spectroscopic measurements of the light from the planet to determine the type of planet, its gross physical properties, and its main atmospheric constituents; the ultimate goal, of course, is to assess whether life or habitable conditions exist there. The science requirements for the mission, as derived by the TPF Science Working Group, are shown in Table 1-1. One would expect Earth-like planets to be found around stars that are roughly similar to the sun, and so TPF-C target stars should include main sequence F, G, and K stars. The habitable zones to be studied span at least the orbital distances of Mars to Venus (scaled by the square-root of the stellar luminosity), and planets with a half-Earth area should be detectable. For the search to be statistically meaningful, at least 35 and preferably an additional 130 stars should be included in the search. TPF-C must use the spectrum of a planet to characterize its surface and atmosphere. The spectrum of Earth, scaled for semi-major axis and star luminosity, would be used as a reference. The required spectral resolution is 70 in the visible. TPF must be capable of measuring O 2 , H 2 O, and O 3 in the visible. In this context, a measurement of a species is defined as the determination of the equivalent width of a spectral feature of that species to 20% accuracy. We desire that TPF measure Rayleigh scattering, photosynthetic pigments, CO 2 , and CH 4 at visible wavelengths. The desired spectral resolutions are 2 times the required values. TPF-C will also directly detect and characterize the spectrum of planets outside the habitable zone and determine the spatial and mineralogical distribution of material in the exozodiacal dust clouds of target systems. This will permit an understanding of the nature of terrestrial planets within a broader framework that includes the properties of other planetary system constituents.
Introduction The need to study outer planets generally implies a large outer working angle requiring a field of view extending out to at least 5 AU for the nearest target stars. Other requirements and goals are listed in Table 1-1. It is worth noting that neither the comparative planetology nor the general astrophysics programs will be design drivers for the mission. These programs are intended to be carried out at little or no additional expense to the project. 1.5 TPF-C Mission Description The current reference mission concept calls for TPF-C to be an 8 m class visible wavelength coronagraph operating in L2 orbit. The key mission parameters are summarized as follows. a) L2 Orbit b) Launch Vehicle – evolved expendable launch vehicle with 5 m × 19 m fairing c) Mass 6200 kg (margin 32 %) d) Power 3 kW e) Lifetime 5 years (goal 10 years) The TPF-C Mission Concept Report describes an advanced telescope system with a Cassegrain design having an off-axis elliptical primary mirror measuring 8.0 by 3.5 m along its major and minor axes, respectively (see Figure 1-2). A Cassegrain system was chosen, as opposed to a Gregorian, because it allows the primary mirror to be optically slower, thus reducing the Table 1-1. Science Objectives of the TPF-C Key Parameter Requirement Goal Star types F through K F through K Habitable zone 0.7 to 1.5 AU scaled L 0.5 0.7 to 1.5 AU scaled L 0.5 Orbit phase space Semi-major axis: uniform inclination: uniform eccentricity: 0–0.35 Semi-major axis: uniform inclination: uniform eccentricity: 0–0.35 Number of stars to be searched 35 core stars 165 (130 additional stars) Completeness per core star 90% 90% Completeness per set of additional stars N/A 90% integrated over the ensemble Minimum planet area 1/2 Earth area 1/2 Earth area Geometric albedo Earth Earth At least 3 broad wavelength At least 3 broad wavelength Flux ratio bands bands Spectral range 0.5–0.8 μm 0.5–1.05 μm Characterization completeness 50% 50% Giant planets Jupiter brightness at 5 AU, 50% of stars Average (Maximum) tolerable exozodi 3 (10) zodi 3 (10) zodi Jupiter brightness at 5 AU, 50% of stars 5
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Chapter 5 TPF-C is planning a suite
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Chapter 5 engineering judgment (i.e
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Chapter 5 categories, in reality ea
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Chapter 5 Table 5-3. Validation of
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Chapter 5 5.6.1 Modeling Methodolog
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Chapter 5 strength of computer simu
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Chapter 6 6 Instrument Technology a
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Chapter 6 Figure 6-1. Detailed conc
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Chapter 6 The first method is self-
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Chapter 6 super computers and is us
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Chapter 7 7 Plan for Technology Dev
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Chapter 7 Figure 7-1. TPF-C Technol
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Chapter 7 Improvements to the DM ov
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Chapter 7 7.3 Error Budgets 7.3.1 D
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Chapter 7 7.4 Optics and Starlight
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Chapter 7 7.4.2 Apodizing Masks and
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Chapter 7 7.4.4 Wavefront Sensing a
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Chapter 7 7.4.6 Transmissive Optics
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Chapter 7 7.4.8 Scatterometer Scope
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Chapter 7 7.5 Structural, Thermal,
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Chapter 7 7.5.3 Precision Structura
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Chapter 7 model of TPF-C and should
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Chapter 7 7.5.6 Secondary Mirror To
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Chapter 7 7.5.8 Sub-scale EM Sunshi
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Chapter 7 7.6 Integrated Modeling a
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Chapter 7 7.7.3 Advanced Concepts:
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Chapter 8 134
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Appendices Appendix B: TPF-C Detail
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Appendices Appendix D: TPF-C Techno
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Appendices Appendix F: Acronym List
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Appendices RWA SAO SBIR SIM SM SMFA
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TPF-C Technology Plan - Exoplanet Exploration Program - NASA

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