Derrington 2012 thesis.pdf - Anglia Ruskin Research Online

allows profiling across scales…and a comparison of an individual’s raw score relative
to the total variability of that individual’s norm group’ (ibid. p.13). These T scores
were used in all subsequent analyses in this study. The difference between scores
before and after music therapy was calculated to show change and the scores were
also compared to the Beck clinical ranges. Descriptive statistics were used to identify
characteristics of the findings, which were then followed up by inferential statistics to
observe the probability values.
Using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), one of the most widely
used software programs for statistical analysis (Meadows, 2005), data sets were
created for the students’ answers 37 , for the teachers’ responses and one for the
incidents of challenging behaviour recorded in school. The data were entered
manually into the software programme and the scores were entered with weighting 38 .
An independent person reviewed the data set after missing data had been imputed and
the change scores had been calculated which added to their validity. The analysis was
also validated by using the two data systems Excel and SPSS. This meant that,
although the statistical tests were not carried out by an independent person, I could
check the analyses against each other and errors could be detected.
In order to determine whether music therapy helped improve the student’s emotional
well-being, a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to see if there
was a significant improvement in the three Beck Inventories of self-assessed selfconcept,
anxiety levels and disruptive behaviour, between the start and end point of
music therapy in both groups. Therefore, for group A, data were analysed between
the first and second collection point and for group B, between the second and third. It
was decided before the study began, that if there was a significant result from the
MANOVA for the primary question, the tests could be repeated with the secondary
data but if there were no significant results, only descriptive statistics would be used.
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$( !Additional details for potential further analysis after this study were also included.
For example, if an instrument or activity dominated in sessions it was noted and
listed: 1 for drums, 2 for keyboard or piano, 3 for percussion, 4 for singing, 5 for
electric guitar, 6 for talking, and 7 for play; and whether recorded music,
improvisation or songwriting were used at any time.
$) !This means that the scores were reversed if the statement was negative and
therefore needed weighting differently.
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