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SECTION 1 2 3 WHAT CAN BE DONE 2.6 Bin Deshweri and Girijar presenting for NGO Samarpan Jan Kalayan Samiti in Konch, Uttar Pradesh, India (2007). Photo: Rajendra Shaw/Oxfam ACHIEVING ECONOMIC EQUALITY FOR WOMEN In rich and poor countries alike women perform the majority of unpaid labour, are over-represented in part-time and precarious work, and are often paid less than men for doing the same job. Even in societies that are considered to have achieved high levels of gender equality overall, women face significant income and influence gaps. 478 The right mix of policies is needed to eliminate the barriers that inhibit women’s economic equality. Yet, all too often, policymakers do not take into account the potential impact that policy measures will have on women. 104
SECTION 1 2 3 WHAT CAN BE DONE THE LOW ROAD: GENDER-BLIND POLICY PRESCRIPTIONS Failure to consider the particular situation of women and girls can unwittingly lead governments to reinforce gender inequalities or end up giving with one hand while taking away with the other. In China, successful efforts to create new jobs for women were accompanied by cutbacks in state and employer support for childcare and elderly care, which conversely increased women’s unpaid work. 479 Fiscal policy can also have unintended negative impacts on women and girls. Tax cuts designed to stimulate economic growth, whether made to income taxes or to corporate taxes, benefit men far more than women because the largest benefits of such cuts go to those with the highest incomes and corporate share ownership. A recent study in Ghana found that an indirect tax on kerosene, used for cooking fuel in low-income urban and rural households, is paid mostly by women. 480 However, direct taxes on those that can most afford them are essential, as countries with reduced tax revenues have less capacity to deal with economic crises, and end up having to introduce austerity measures to balance their budgets. When austerity budgets call for reduced public sector employment, these layoffs hit women hardest because they are heavily represented in the public sector. When austerity cuts reduce public services, not only does this place an undue burden on women, it also makes it more difficult for them to get a job. According to research conducted on the impact of austerity in Europe, 481 after the financial crisis mothers of small children were less likely to be employed than before and more likely to attribute their lack of employment to cuts to care services. 482 Governments have come together time and again to commit to eradicating gender inequality. The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women obliges states to eliminate discrimination and differences in treatment between women and men ‘by all appropriate means’. In addition, the 1995 Beijing Platform for Action calls for an approach to macroeconomic and development policy which addresses the needs and efforts of women in poverty and promotes a ‘more equitable distribution of productive assets, wealth, opportunities, income and services’. 483 Now is the time to make good on these commitments. THE HIGH ROAD: THE RIGHT POLICIES CAN PROMOTE WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EQUALITY Many of the policies that reduce economic inequality also have a huge impact on reducing gender inequality. Free primary education and free healthcare disproportionately benefit women and girls. Public services are more used by women; they ensure the state takes some of the burden of care away from women, whether it is healthcare or childcare. Social protection grants, such as universal child benefits, also have a big impact on gender inequality. Regulations around minimum wages and job security, as well as those that guarantee paid holiday, sick leave and maternity leave, all help to narrow the 105
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