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SECTION 1 2 3 EXTREME INEQUALITY If a person is born poor in a very unequal country, their children are far more likely to be poor as well. More unequal societies suffer more from a range of social ills, including crime and violence, that hurt both rich and poor. Fundamentally, inequality goes against strongly held moral beliefs and a widely shared understanding of fairness, with people’s preferred distribution of wealth and income being far more equal than it actually is. EXTREME INEQUALITY IS A BARRIER TO POVERTY REDUCTION Over the last two decades the world has seen huge progress in the fight to end extreme poverty; millions more people now have access to healthcare and education, and approximately 150 million fewer men and women are going hungry. 169 Yet inequality threatens to undermine, and in some cases reverse, this progress. The fruits of economic growth in recent years have often failed to benefit the poorest, with the biggest beneficiaries being those at the top of the income ladder. New research by Oxfam has projected potential poverty levels in a number of middle-income countries over the next five years, considering the implications when inequality remains the same, reduces or increases at a constant rate. 170 In all cases, the results present compelling evidence that inequality stands in the way of poverty reduction. Three examples: • In Kenya, if inequality remains at the same level for the next five years, three million more people could be living in extreme poverty than if they reduced their Gini coefficient by just five points, the equivalent of a 12 percent reduction. • If Indonesia reduced its Gini coefficient by just 10 points, the equivalent of a 28 percent reduction, they could reduce the number of people living in extreme poverty to 1.7 million. If inequality remains at recent levels though, there will be 13 million more Indonesian people below the extreme poverty line in five years’ time. • India has, in recent years, become more unequal. If India were to stop its rising inequality, and instead hold inequality levels static, by 2019 they could lift 90 million people out of extreme poverty. Reducing inequality by 10 points, the equivalent of a 36 percent reduction, could almost eliminate extreme poverty altogether, by lifting up a further 83 million people. 36
SECTION 1 2 3 EXTREME INEQUALITY FIGURE 3: Poverty projections to 2019 for different inequality scenarios in three countries (millions in poverty) Kenya Decline in people living in poverty Population living in poverty in 2019 (millions) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Indonesia 1 point Gini increase (0.43) 700,000 1.3 million Population living in poverty in 2011 No Gini change (0.42) 4.2 million 5 points Gini decrease (0.37) 6.8 million 10 points Gini decrease (0.32) Population living in poverty in 2019 (millions) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 16 million Population living in poverty in 2011 18.1 million 26.6 million 31.2 million 0 1 point Gini increase (0.35) No Gini change (0.34) 5 points Gini decrease (0.29) 10 points Gini decrease (0.24) India Population living in poverty in 2019 (millions) 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 76.8 million Population living in poverty in 2011 90.1 million 144.6 million 173.2 million 0 1 point Gini increase (0.35) No Gini change (0.34) 5 points Gini decrease (0.29) 10 points Gini decrease (0.24) 37
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