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SECTION 1 2 3 EXTREME INEQUALITY fell only by two percent in the second half of that period – from 92 percent in 2003 to 90 percent in 2009. 212 The same trend is true for many other countries. The concentration of income and wealth in the hands of men gives them more decision-making power at the national level, where women usually have little voice or representation. National laws often take a piecemeal and incoherent approach to addressing gender inequality; for instance, implementing policies that increase job opportunities for women, but without policies to prevent low wages, or to promote adequate working conditions and high-quality childcare. Discriminatory laws and practices around asset ownership and inheritance rights prevent women from escaping the bottom of the economic ladder. This creates a vicious cycle, as women living in poverty are more likely to lack the legal entitlements, time and political power that they need to increase their income. Gender discriminatory legislation and the requirements of lending institutions are additional barriers which exclude women from access to credit. In its World Development Report 2012, the World Bank noted that women are more vulnerable to income shocks, such as unemployment or increased poverty, precisely because they have less economic power. Women tend to have fewer assets than men, less access to economic opportunities to deal with sudden changes, and less support through compensation from government. 214 The recent rapid rise in economic inequality in the majority of countries therefore represents a serious barrier in the drive to achieve equality between women and men. “ In India, the average daily wage of a male worker is about two and a half times that of his female counterpart. 213 “ ECONOMIC INEQUALITY DRIVES INEQUALITIES IN HEALTH, EDUCATION AND LIFE CHANCES The stark reality is that economic status dictates life chances; poorer people have shorter lives. This is a problem in rich countries and poor countries alike. In the UK, for instance, men born in the richest part of the country can expect to live nine years longer than men from the most deprived areas. 215 The rapidly growing gap between rich and poor in the majority of countries is worrying not just on its own terms, but because of the way it interacts with other inequalities and discrimination to hold some people back more than others. Economic inequality adds new dimensions to old disparities, such as gender, geography and indigenous rights. In every country, average rates of child survival, education and access to safe water are significantly higher for men than women. Women in poor households are far less likely to have prenatal and antenatal care when they are pregnant and give birth than their wealthier neighbours. Their children are more likely to be malnourished and many will not live past the age of five. If they do, they are far less likely to complete primary education. If they can find employment as adults, they will likely have much lower incomes than those from higher income groups. This cycle of poverty and inequality is then transmitted across generations. “ Things are changing in South Africa for the worst. The public schools are no good. Those in the government, they are very rich, the rest of us are poor. LEONARD KUFEKETA, 39 “ Using the latest national Demographic and Health Surveys, Oxfam has calculated how poverty interacts with economic and other inequalities 44
SECTION 1 2 3 EXTREME INEQUALITY in Ethiopia to create ‘traps of disadvantage’, pushing the poorest and most marginalized to the bottom. Over 50 percent of Ethiopian women have never been to school, compared to just over a third of men. However, as Figure 5 shows, when we consider gender and economic inequality together, a much greater wedge is driven between the haves and the have-nots. Nearly 70 percent of the poorest women don’t attend school, compared to just 14 percent of the richest men. 216 FIGURE 5: Gender and economic inequalities: Percentage of Ethiopians who have not attended school TOTAL PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION NOT ATTENDING SCHOOL 45.2% WOMEN MEN 52.1% 38.3% LEAST WEALTHY WOMEN WEALTHIEST WOMEN LEAST WEALTHY MEN WEALTHIEST MEN 69.2% 26.6% 54.1% 14% Those living in rural areas are also consistently worse off. As Figure 6 shows, the richest and poorest Ethiopians living in urban areas have a greater chance of going to school than those of comparable incomes living in rural areas. Taking gender into account, a girl born into one of the richest urban families is still only half as likely to go to school as a boy born to a similar family. 45
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