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SECTION 1 2 3 NOTES<br />
168. The Transnational Institute (TNI) for European Coordination<br />
Via Campesina and Hands Off the Land Network (2013) ‘Land<br />
Concentration, land-grabbing and people’s struggles in<br />
Europe’, http://eurovia.org/IMG/pdf/Land_in_Europe.pdf<br />
169. FAO (2013) ‘The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2013:<br />
The multiple dimensions of food insecurity’, Rome: Food<br />
and Agriculture Organization, http://fao.org/publications/<br />
sofi/2013/en<br />
170. To derive the Gini coefficients in Figure 3, the authors took<br />
the poverty headcounts and the mean income/consumption<br />
figures for 2010, and established what Gini coefficient is<br />
compatible with those two numbers if income/consumption<br />
has a lognormal distribution in the country (i.e., if log<br />
income/consumption follows a bell curve). Gini coefficients<br />
were Brazil (0.54), China (0.35), India (0.34), Indonesia<br />
(0.34), Mexico (0.42), South Africa (0.59) and Kenya (0.42).<br />
For the GDP/capita projections, the authors used IMF World<br />
Economic Outlook April 2014 current-dollar PPP figures,<br />
adjusted for US CPI inflation in 2010-12. For the poverty<br />
projections, the authors used those done by The Brookings<br />
Institution, using Brookings spreadsheet, ‘Country HC &<br />
HCR revisions – 05.14’, received 21 July 2014; except China,<br />
India, Indonesia headcounts from L. Chandy e-mail, 22 July<br />
2104; 2010 means from Brookings spreadsheet, ‘Poverty<br />
means_2010’, received 22 July 2014; conversion factors<br />
from GDP/capita growth to mean consumption/income<br />
growth from L. Chandy, N. Ledlie and V. Penciakova (2013) op.<br />
cit., p.17. For these projections the authors have used the<br />
global extreme poverty line of $1.79 in 2011 dollars ($1.55<br />
in 2005 dollars) because of the anticipated adjustment in<br />
the global extreme poverty line (up from $1.25). $1.79 was<br />
calculated by The Brookings Institution based on new data<br />
from the International Price Comparison Programme and the<br />
World Bank’s extreme poverty line methodology. For more<br />
information see: http://brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/<br />
posts/2014/05/05-data-extreme-poverty-chandy-kharas<br />
171. L. Chandy, N. Ledlie and V. Penciakova (2013) op. cit.<br />
172. Unpublished calculations based on the methodology and<br />
model developed in L. Chandy, N. Ledlie and V. Penciakova<br />
(2013) op. cit.<br />
173. This is comparing the wealth of the bottom half of the<br />
population from the Credit Suisse yearbook with the Forbes<br />
data, as downloaded in March 2014.<br />
174. See the World Bank’s World database,<br />
http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx<br />
175. Oxfam’s own calculations. See Note 170.<br />
176. Africa Progress Panel (2013) ‘Africa Progress<br />
Report 2013: Equity in Extractives – Stewarding<br />
Africa’s natural resources for all’, Geneva: Africa<br />
Progress Panel, http://africaprogresspanel.org/<br />
wp-content/uploads/2013/08/2013_APR_Equity_in_<br />
Extractives_25062013_ENG_HR.pdf<br />
177. Ibid.<br />
178. Ibid.<br />
179. World Health Organization, Global Health<br />
Observatory Data Repository,<br />
http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.HE-1546lang=en<br />
180. Ibid.<br />
181. This is part of the theory behind Nobel prize-winning<br />
economist Simon Kuznets’ famous ‘Kuznets curve’, and<br />
implies that it is unnecessary and ineffective for developing<br />
economies to worry about growing inequality as with time<br />
it will reduce of its own accord.<br />
182. K. Deininger and L. Squire (1998) op. cit.; A. Alesina<br />
and D. Rodrik (1994) op. cit.; R. Benabou (1996) op. cit.;<br />
A. Banerjee and E. Duflo (2003) op. cit.; J. Ostry, A. Berg and<br />
C. Tsangardies (2014) op. cit.; Asian Development Bank (2014)<br />
op. cit.<br />
183. A. Berg and J. Ostry (2011) ‘Inequality and Unstable Growth:<br />
Two Sides of the Same Coin’, IMF Staff Discussion Note, IMF,<br />
http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2011/sdn1108.pdf;<br />
J. Ostry, A. Berg and C. Tsangarides (2014), op. cit.<br />
184. A. Berg and J. Ostry (2011) op. cit.<br />
185. M. Kumhof and R. Rancière (2010) ‘Inequality, Leverage<br />
and Crises’, IMF Working Paper, IMF,<br />
http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2010/wp10268.pdf<br />
186. See, for example, A. Berg and D. Ostry (2011) op. cit.;<br />
T. Persson and G.databaseTabellini (1994) ‘Is Inequality<br />
Harmful for Growth’, American Economic Review 84(3):<br />
600–621; Alesina and Rodrik (1994), op. cit.<br />
187. E. Stuart (2011) ‘Making Growth Inclusive’, Oxford: Oxfam<br />
International, http://oxf.am/RHG<br />
188. Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2011) op. cit.<br />
189. F. Ferreira and M. Ravallion (2008) op. cit.<br />
190. Data based on World Bank, ‘World Development Indicators’,<br />
http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/worlddevelopment-indicators<br />
191. Africa Progress Panel (2013) ‘Africa Progress Report 2013.<br />
Equity in Extractives: Stewarding Africa’s natural resources<br />
for all’, Africa Progress Panel, p.28,<br />
http://africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/<br />
africa-progress-report-2013<br />
192. F. Ferreira and M. Ravallion (2008) op. cit.<br />
193. E. Stuart (2011), op. cit.; R. Gower, C. Pearce and K. Raworth<br />
(2012) ‘Left Behind By the G20 How inequality and<br />
environmental degradation threaten to exclude poor people<br />
from the benefits of economic growth’, Oxford: Oxfam,<br />
http://oxf.am/oQa<br />
194. Represented by a Gini coefficient of 0.2, a level which many<br />
Eastern European countries had in the 1980s and Nordic<br />
countries have now. F. Ferreira and M. Ravallion (2008) op. cit.<br />
195. Represented by a Gini coefficient of 0.6, about the level<br />
in Angola.<br />
196. Represented by a Gini coefficient of 0.4, about the level in<br />
Uganda or Singapore.<br />
197. F. Ferreira and M. Ravallion (2008) op. cit.<br />
198. K. Raworth (2012) ‘A Safe and Just Space for Humanity:<br />
Can We Live Within the Doughnut’, Oxfam Discussion Paper,<br />
Oxford: Oxfam, http://oxf.am/gdx<br />
199. See, for example: D. Hillier and G. Castillo ( 2013)<br />
‘No Accident: Resilience and the inequality of risk’,<br />
Oxford: Oxfam, http://oxf.am/UNg<br />
200. This 30 percent of people consume an average of<br />
6.5 global hectares of productive space per person.<br />
N. Kakar, Permanent Observer to the United Nations of the<br />
International Union for Conservation of Nature. quoted in<br />
Royal Government of Bhutan (2012) The Report of the High-<br />
Level Meeting on Wellbeing and Happiness: Defining a New<br />
Economic Paradigm, New York: The Permanent Mission of<br />
the Kingdom of Bhutan to the United Nations, p.52.<br />
127