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SECTION 1 2 3 EXTREME INEQUALITY FIGURE 6: Multiple Inequalities: Percentage of Ethiopians who have not attended school TOTAL PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION NOT ATTENDING SCHOOL 45.2% POOREST 20% RICHEST 20% 62.1% 20.7% POOREST 20% RURAL POOREST 20% URBAN RICHEST 20% RURAL RICHEST 20% URBAN 62.4% 45.7% 26.7% 19.2% POOREST RURAL WOMEN POOREST RURAL MEN POOREST URBAN WOMEN POOREST URBAN MEN RICHEST RURAL WOMEN RICHEST RURAL MEN RICHEST URBAN WOMEN RICHEST URBAN MEN 69.6% 54.6% 48.7% 42.8% 32.6% 20.9% 25.1% 12.2% 46
SECTION 1 2 3 EXTREME INEQUALITY Caste, race, location, religion, ethnicity, as well as a range of other identities that are ascribed to people from birth, play a significant role in creating divisions between haves and have-nots. In Mexico, maternal mortality rates for indigenous women are six times the national average and are as high as many countries in Africa. 217 In Australia, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples remain the country’s most significantly disadvantaged group, disproportionately affected by poverty, unemployment, chronic illness, disability, lower life expectancy and higher levels of incarceration. Around the world, these different inequalities come together to define people’s opportunities, income, wealth and asset ownership, and even their life spans. CONDEMNED TO STAY POOR FOR GENERATIONS Beyond the impact that rising economic inequality has on poverty reduction and growth, it is becoming increasingly clear that the growing divide between rich and poor is setting in motion a number of negative social consequences that affect us all. It would be hard to find anyone to disagree with the idea that everyone should be given an equal chance to succeed in life, and that a child born into poverty should not have to face the same economic destiny as their parents. There should be equality of opportunity so that people can move up the socioeconomic ladder; in other words, there should be the possibility of social mobility. This is an idea that is deeply entrenched in popular narratives and reinforced through dozens of Hollywood films, whose rags to riches stories continue to feed the myth of the American Dream in the USA and around the world. “ That’s why they call it the American Dream, because you have to be asleep to believe it. GEORGE CARLIN COMEDIAN “ However, in both rich and poor countries, high inequality has led to diminished social mobility. 218 In these countries the children of the rich will largely replace their parents in the economic hierarchy, as will the children of those living in poverty. ‘My parents were not educated. My mother did not go to school. My father attended a government primary school up to Grade 5 and understood the importance of education. He encouraged me to work extra hard in class. I was the first person in either my family or my clan to attend a government secondary school. Later, I went to university and did a teacher training course before attending specialized NGO sector training and got the opportunity to do development studies overseas. I understand today that nearly 75 percent of the intake at the university is from private schools. University is beyond the reach of the ordinary Malawian. I cannot be sure, but I fear that if I were born today into the same circumstances, I would have remained a poor farmer in the village.’ John Makina, Country Director for Oxfam in Malawi 47
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