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156 6. DO ANY SPECIES BOUNDARIES.... the first maps between maize and teosinte was to locate genes that would be useful in enrichment of genetic resources of the former. Surprisingly, these studies were the foundation for using genetic maps of plants for tracking the genomic changes during plant domestication (Doebley and Stec 1993). The sunflower maps were the breakdown in the understanding of the hybrid origin of Helianthus annomalus, H. deserticola and H. paradoxus as well as of the role of allopolyploidy and hybridisation in speciation (Rieseberg and Carney 1998). The present map of L. multiflorum and L. perenne has been constructed with the aim to improve our understanding of the process of their evolution. The remaining question is whether L. multiflorum and L. perenne differ with respect to quantitative traits that might drive their future speciation similarly to that observed during domestication of maize. The high resolution of the constructed map opens the doors to the challenging task of detecting QTLs affecting a variety of discrete traits responsible for some taxonomic characters. The dissection of these traits through QTL mapping would represent a major drawback towards the final clarification of the evolutionary processes in L. multiflorum and L. perenne. 6.5. CONCLUSIONS 1. A relatively little genetic incompatibilities are found between two botanical taxa L. multiflorum and L. perenne and no signs of a reproductive barrier are observed. The majority of markers segregate in the Mendelian fashion. The level of distortions is comparable in intra- and interspecific crosses. Selection against transposon insertions provides evidence that intraspecific mechanisms protecting from undesired mobilisation of transposons are well working in the population derived from the cross between L. multiflorum and L. perenne. All these data fully confirm our previous view that L. multiflorum and L. perenne can not be regarded as biological species. Therefore, their taxonomic rank should be lowered and the subspecies level seems to be more appropriate. 2. Distorted regions are scattered throughout the whole genome and they are correlated with the presence of transposons. 3. The significant distortions from the expected Mendelian ratios observed for the majority of transposons confirm their role in the early steps of evolution. 4. Application of a wide range of different types of molecular markers is a necessary condition to prevent from marker clustering on genetic maps and furthermore to construct high resolution genetic maps without substantial gaps. The current genetic map consists of 502 markers including 16 isozymes, 132 RAPD markers, 80 ISJs, 6 SSRs, 137 AFLPs, 57 insertion sites of the DNA transposon Tpo1, 39 of the retrotransposon Lolcopia2, and 33 markers derived from M. tuberculosis genes. 5. Genetic maps are powerful tools for studying speciation at the very early stages, prior to reproductive barrier formation. 6. Genetic mapping confirms the utility of bacteria-derived sequences for studies in plants. All polymorphic B-SAP markers are mapped. They exhibit the dominant mode of inheri-
6. DO ANY SPECIES BOUNDARIES... 157 tance; the presence of a band is dominant over its lack. Moreover, these types of markers rarely show segregation distortions. 7. The linkage between katG markers and peroxidase loci supports the idea that katG primers complementary to the M. tuberculosis catalase-peroxidase gene amplify plant peroxidases. The linkage between katG markers and the other enzymatic loci proves that these markers are predominantly correlated with genes encoding enzymes. 8. Seedling root fluorescence that is regarded as marker discriminating L. multiflorum from L. perenne is encoded by two complementary genes located on LG1. In intra- and interspecific populations either both genes or one of them can segregate. This model of inheritance explains well the difficulties in the species separation and stabilisation of the seedling root fluorescence level in cultivars of L. perenne so frequently encountered by breeders.
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This research was done within the E
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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8 CONTENTS 4.4.4. Role of transposo
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10 CONTENTS 9.3.2. Similarity of ge
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12 1. INTRODUCTION
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14 1. INTRODUCTION occasionally use
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16 1. INTRODUCTION On the basis of
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18 1. INTRODUCTION The evidences fr
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20 1. INTRODUCTION overlap between
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22 1. INTRODUCTION et al. 2000; Cat
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24 1. INTRODUCTION According to the
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26 1. INTRODUCTION 1.6. APPLICATION
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28 1. INTRODUCTION of evolution wit
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30 1. INTRODUCTION are continuously
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2. GOALS The aim of this research w
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3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF L. MU
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36 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... fo
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38 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION...
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40 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... Wi
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42 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... va
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44 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... 3.
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46 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION...
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48 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... in
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50 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... pl
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52 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... di
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4. GENETIC DIVERSITY OF L. MULTIFLO
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56 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... deed con
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58 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... 4.2.2. D
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60 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY...
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64 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... RAPD and
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66 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... SSAP pol
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68 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... It can b
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72 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... than wit
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82 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... power of
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84 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... Hamrick
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86 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... deviatio
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88 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... individu
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90 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... (inversi
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92 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... related
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94 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... cies and
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96 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... their sp
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98 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... 4.5. CON
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100 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... Applic
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102 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... 5.2.2.
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104 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... 5.3. R
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206 8. MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF THE G
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9. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWE
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224 9. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS..
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10. MARKER EFFICIENCY 10.1. INTRODU
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238 10. MARKER EFFICIENCY 10.3. DNA
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240 10. MARKER EFFICIENCY method. H
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242 10. MARKER EFFICIENCY alleles p
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244 10. MARKER EFFICIENCY proportio
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246 10. MARKER EFFICIENCY 10.7. CON
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248 11. CONCLUSIONS ABOUT EVOLUTION
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250 12, LITERATURE CITED Bączkiewi
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252 12, LITERATURE CITED Clayton WD
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254 12, LITERATURE CITED Giddings G
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256 12, LITERATURE CITED Jing R, Kn
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258 12, LITERATURE CITED MacDonald
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260 12, LITERATURE CITED Payne RC,
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262 12, LITERATURE CITED Schiex T,
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264 12, LITERATURE CITED United Sta
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266 12, LITERATURE CITED Zielinski
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268 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS pla
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270 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
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274 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS ANN
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280 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS Ann
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290 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS •
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292 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS The
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296 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS fie
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The average gene diversity between
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306 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS Unb
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308 14. ABBREVIATIONS Lolcopia1 - L
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310 14. ABBREVIATIONS Drosophila wi
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312 14. ABBREVIATIONS Saccharomyces
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314 15. SUMMARY At different stages
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316 15. SUMMARY L. multiflorum mito
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REVIEWERS’ COMMENTS With a great
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