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172 7. ROLE OF QTLs IN THE EARLY EVOLUTION... nomial distribution typical of Mendelian factors or major genes was not observed for any trait in any population. Rust resistance was also unusual in that its distribution deviated from normality in both interspecific populations but asymmetric distributions would have indicated many genes with small effect. Summarizing, the highest number of deviated histograms was found in the L. perenne population (65%) following by the interspecific one, HU5 x BO6 (50%). About 30% of characters demonstrated departure from normality in the L. multiflorum and interspecific, BR3 x NZ15 populations. Significant genotype x environment interaction was observed for majority of traits in all crosses as estimated by F value for interactions in factorial ANOVA. This interaction resulted from much lower values for all characters during the second crop in each year. Nearly for each genotype the trait values during the second crop were on average twofold lower and in a case of weight even three-fourfold lower.
7. ROLE OF QTLs IN THE EARLY EVOLUTION... 173 7.3.3. Quantitative trait inheritance in L. multiflorum and L. perenne Number of QTLs responsible for quantitative characters The genetic basis of the great quantitative variation observed in the L. multiflorum x L. perenne F 2 population, BR3 x NZ15 was confirmed by the identification of as many as 145 QTLs (Table 7.3). They were responsible for 21 quantitative traits and on average each trait was encoded by seven QTLs. It was not surprising that the majority of QTLs (65%) were related with different generative characters because they constituted 57% of all analysed traits. The number of QTLs varied considerably between traits from three for basal leaves, weigh of vegetative parts, height, spike and spikelet length up to 16 for flag leaf length. There was a convincing pattern that the greatest numbers of QTLs were detected for traits not selected during breeding. Examples included flag leaf width and spikelet number encoding by 16 and 14 QTLs, respectively. In addition, 14 QTLs were identified for crown rust resistance. However, owing to the visual estimation of resistance, this number may be overestimated so that these QTLs rather concerning the overall disease resistance than crown rust resistance itself. In contrast, economically important traits such as green and dry weight of vegetative parts were encoded by only three QTLs.
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This research was done within the E
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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8 CONTENTS 4.4.4. Role of transposo
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10 CONTENTS 9.3.2. Similarity of ge
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12 1. INTRODUCTION
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14 1. INTRODUCTION occasionally use
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16 1. INTRODUCTION On the basis of
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18 1. INTRODUCTION The evidences fr
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20 1. INTRODUCTION overlap between
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22 1. INTRODUCTION et al. 2000; Cat
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24 1. INTRODUCTION According to the
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26 1. INTRODUCTION 1.6. APPLICATION
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28 1. INTRODUCTION of evolution wit
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30 1. INTRODUCTION are continuously
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2. GOALS The aim of this research w
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3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF L. MU
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36 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... fo
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38 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION...
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40 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... Wi
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42 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... va
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44 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... 3.
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46 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION...
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48 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... in
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50 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... pl
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52 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... di
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4. GENETIC DIVERSITY OF L. MULTIFLO
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56 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... deed con
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58 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... 4.2.2. D
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60 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY...
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64 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... RAPD and
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66 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... SSAP pol
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68 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... It can b
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72 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... than wit
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82 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... power of
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84 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... Hamrick
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86 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... deviatio
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88 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... individu
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90 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... (inversi
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92 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... related
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94 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... cies and
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96 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... their sp
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98 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... 4.5. CON
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100 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... Applic
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102 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... 5.2.2.
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104 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... 5.3. R
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106 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... very l
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108 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... 5.3.4.
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110 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... 5.4. D
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112 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... A seco
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114 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... Perhap
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6. DO ANY SPECIES BOUNDARIES EXIST
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118 6. DO ANY SPECIES BOUNDARIES...
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120 6. DO ANY SPECIES BOUNDARIES...
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9. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWE
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224 9. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS..
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10. MARKER EFFICIENCY 10.1. INTRODU
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238 10. MARKER EFFICIENCY 10.3. DNA
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240 10. MARKER EFFICIENCY method. H
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242 10. MARKER EFFICIENCY alleles p
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244 10. MARKER EFFICIENCY proportio
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246 10. MARKER EFFICIENCY 10.7. CON
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248 11. CONCLUSIONS ABOUT EVOLUTION
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250 12, LITERATURE CITED Bączkiewi
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252 12, LITERATURE CITED Clayton WD
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254 12, LITERATURE CITED Giddings G
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256 12, LITERATURE CITED Jing R, Kn
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258 12, LITERATURE CITED MacDonald
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260 12, LITERATURE CITED Payne RC,
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262 12, LITERATURE CITED Schiex T,
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264 12, LITERATURE CITED United Sta
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266 12, LITERATURE CITED Zielinski
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268 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS pla
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270 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
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274 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS ANN
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280 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS Ann
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290 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS •
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292 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS The
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296 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS fie
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The average gene diversity between
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306 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS Unb
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308 14. ABBREVIATIONS Lolcopia1 - L
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310 14. ABBREVIATIONS Drosophila wi
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312 14. ABBREVIATIONS Saccharomyces
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314 15. SUMMARY At different stages
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316 15. SUMMARY L. multiflorum mito
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REVIEWERS’ COMMENTS With a great
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