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312 14. ABBREVIATIONS Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast 4.4.4 Saccharum officinarum 4.2 Secale cereal rye 4.4.4.; 6.4.1; 9.2; 9.3 Senecio gallicus 4.4.1 Setaria italica foxtail millet 7.1 Setaria viridis green millet 7.1 Solanum lycopersicoides wild nightshade 6.1 Solidago virga aurea 7.4 Solidago virga aurea ssp. virga aurea 7.4 Solidago virga aurea ssp. alpestris 7.4 Triticale 9.2; 9.3 Triticum aestivum wheat 4.2; 4.4.4; 5.4; 9.2; 9.3 Triticum dicoccoides emmer wheat 4.4.1; 7.1; 7.4.2 Triticum durum 7.1 Triticum spelta spelt 5.4 Zea mays maize 4.4.3; 7.1 Zea mays ssp. mexicana teosine 4.4.3 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis teosinte 4.4.3; 7.1 Zizania latifolia 4.4.4.
15. SUMMARY The genus Lolium is classified within the family Poaceae, subfamily Pooideae, tribe Poeae. The genus consists from about eight species that are native to Europe, temperate Asia and North Africa although most species have been widely distributed around the temperate areas of the world. All species are diploid, mostly annual grasses, with the only exception of L. perenne that is the only perennial form within the genus. Four of them, L. loliaceum, L. persicum, L. remotum and L. temulentum are autogamous species whereas L. multiflorum, L. perenne and L. rigidum are allogamous species. L. canariense is supposed to be intermediate with respect to the mode of reproduction. Among them, L. multiflorum and L. perenne are important fodder and turf grasses. The species classification within the genus Lolium is based on morphological characters but, owing to overlapping ranges of variation, it has been a subject of a continuous debate for many years. The greatest controversy is associated with two allogamous species. L. multiflorum and L. perenne, although the taxonomic position of the others is also unclear. Notwithstanding the fact of crossability and full fertility of F 1 and next generation hybrids, L. multiflorum and L. perenne are consequently classified as two separate taxa. On the other hand, our earlier results suggest that there are no reproductive barriers between them and thereby, they can not be regarded as biological species under the BSC concept. Apart from L. multiflorum and L. perenne, there is no agreement on the position of L. loliaceum as well as the discussion has been going on about a common ancestor of the genus. With the power of the most advanced molecular technologies these controversies are likely to be solved. Unfortunately, in spite of intensive breeding activities and advanced research aimed at improving the turf quality, very little attention has been paid to the evolutionary relationships within the genus. Therefore, the aim of this research was to review the evolution within the genus Lolium using the broad spectrum of biometrical methods and high throughput molecular technologies. For the first time, the population genetic and phylogenetic methodologies were combined with genetic mapping in order to elucidate the relationships between two botanical species L. multiflorum and L. perenne and determine whether they can be regarded as distinct biological species. The presence of a reproductive barrier was studied at the level of a genetic map and QTLs potentially involved in the species differentiation were searched for. The attempts to clarify the evolutionary relationships within the genus were also undertaken. Besides commonly known technologies, own marker systems were offered. Additionally, the other members of “Core Pooids” i.e., Poeae, Aveneae and Triticeae were compared with seven Lolium species in order to estimate the level of similarity between Lolium and the other representatives of grasses.
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This research was done within the E
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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8 CONTENTS 4.4.4. Role of transposo
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10 CONTENTS 9.3.2. Similarity of ge
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12 1. INTRODUCTION
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14 1. INTRODUCTION occasionally use
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16 1. INTRODUCTION On the basis of
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18 1. INTRODUCTION The evidences fr
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20 1. INTRODUCTION overlap between
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22 1. INTRODUCTION et al. 2000; Cat
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24 1. INTRODUCTION According to the
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26 1. INTRODUCTION 1.6. APPLICATION
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28 1. INTRODUCTION of evolution wit
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30 1. INTRODUCTION are continuously
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2. GOALS The aim of this research w
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3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF L. MU
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36 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... fo
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38 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION...
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40 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... Wi
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42 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... va
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44 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... 3.
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46 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION...
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48 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... in
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50 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... pl
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52 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... di
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4. GENETIC DIVERSITY OF L. MULTIFLO
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56 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... deed con
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58 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... 4.2.2. D
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60 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY...
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64 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... RAPD and
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66 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... SSAP pol
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68 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... It can b
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72 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... than wit
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82 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... power of
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84 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... Hamrick
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86 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... deviatio
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88 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... individu
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90 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... (inversi
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92 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... related
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94 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... cies and
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96 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... their sp
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98 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... 4.5. CON
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100 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... Applic
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102 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... 5.2.2.
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104 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... 5.3. R
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106 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... very l
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108 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... 5.3.4.
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110 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... 5.4. D
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112 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... A seco
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114 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... Perhap
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6. DO ANY SPECIES BOUNDARIES EXIST
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118 6. DO ANY SPECIES BOUNDARIES...
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7. ROLE OF QTL s IN THE EARLY EVOLU
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160 7. ROLE OF QTLs IN THE EARLY EV
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196 8. MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF THE G
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9. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWE
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224 9. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS..
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10. MARKER EFFICIENCY 10.1. INTRODU
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238 10. MARKER EFFICIENCY 10.3. DNA
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240 10. MARKER EFFICIENCY method. H
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242 10. MARKER EFFICIENCY alleles p
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244 10. MARKER EFFICIENCY proportio
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246 10. MARKER EFFICIENCY 10.7. CON
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248 11. CONCLUSIONS ABOUT EVOLUTION
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250 12, LITERATURE CITED Bączkiewi
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252 12, LITERATURE CITED Clayton WD
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254 12, LITERATURE CITED Giddings G
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256 12, LITERATURE CITED Jing R, Kn
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258 12, LITERATURE CITED MacDonald
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260 12, LITERATURE CITED Payne RC,
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Page 268 and 269: 268 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS pla
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Page 308 and 309: 308 14. ABBREVIATIONS Lolcopia1 - L
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Page 316 and 317: 316 15. SUMMARY L. multiflorum mito
Page 318 and 319: REVIEWERS’ COMMENTS With a great
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