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68 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... It can be assumed that these minor differences are related with microevolutionary processes from one side, and with breeding activities from another. For example, the lower diversity of Lolcopia1 in both cultivars and ecotypes of L. perenne may indicate that this is a species specific feature responsible for ongoing ryegrass diversification. Moreover, the lower divergence of DNA transposon, Tpo1 in L. perenne ecotypes in comparison with
4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... 69 L. multiflorum ecotypes again justifies their recent origin. The major drawback of this explanation is the same level of gene diversity displayed by cultivars. The third transposon Lolcopia2 seems not to play an important role in ryegrass speciation as can be concluded from similar values of Nei’s diversity parameters for ecotypes. It is plausible that the lower divergence of Lolcopia2 in perennial ryegrass cultivars resulted from breeding activities. The cultivars that have to be uniform are derived from a limited number of individuals. This was confirmed by extremely low cpDNA diversity in L. multiflorum cultivars for which gene diversity indices were about threefold lower than in ecotypes and sevenfold lower than in L. perenne. The marker type had some effect on the values of population genetic parameters in Italian and perennial ryegrass. The largest discrepancy was observed between H S and D ST estimated from enzymes and DNA markers. Firstly, allozyme revealed the two-threefold higher the within-population gene diversity then did DNA markers. This difference was rather expected since the latter type of markers can only produce two alleles in each locus, and therefore, the maximum gene diversity is 0.5 whereas multiallelic markers such as isoenzymes can produce values up to one. Nevertheless, the H S obtained by the analysis of transposon insertion sites (SSAP) was surprisingly low that can suggest the fixation of specific transposon pools in each population. As a result most of genetic variation was distributed between populations. Secondly, in the case of enzymes, the within-population gene diversity (H S ) was higher than the between-population variation (D ST ), which is common for cross-breeding species. This relationshipwas inverted for all DNA markers that again support the thesis about the narrow genetic background of each population.
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This research was done within the E
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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8 CONTENTS 4.4.4. Role of transposo
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10 CONTENTS 9.3.2. Similarity of ge
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12 1. INTRODUCTION
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14 1. INTRODUCTION occasionally use
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16 1. INTRODUCTION On the basis of
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Page 100 and 101: 100 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... Applic
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Page 114 and 115: 114 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... Perhap
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118 6. DO ANY SPECIES BOUNDARIES...
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7. ROLE OF QTL s IN THE EARLY EVOLU
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160 7. ROLE OF QTLs IN THE EARLY EV
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196 8. MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF THE G
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9. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWE
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224 9. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS..
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10. MARKER EFFICIENCY 10.1. INTRODU
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238 10. MARKER EFFICIENCY 10.3. DNA
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240 10. MARKER EFFICIENCY method. H
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242 10. MARKER EFFICIENCY alleles p
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244 10. MARKER EFFICIENCY proportio
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246 10. MARKER EFFICIENCY 10.7. CON
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248 11. CONCLUSIONS ABOUT EVOLUTION
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250 12, LITERATURE CITED Bączkiewi
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252 12, LITERATURE CITED Clayton WD
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254 12, LITERATURE CITED Giddings G
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256 12, LITERATURE CITED Jing R, Kn
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258 12, LITERATURE CITED MacDonald
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260 12, LITERATURE CITED Payne RC,
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262 12, LITERATURE CITED Schiex T,
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264 12, LITERATURE CITED United Sta
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266 12, LITERATURE CITED Zielinski
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268 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS pla
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270 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
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274 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS ANN
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280 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS Ann
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290 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS •
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292 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS The
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296 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS fie
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The average gene diversity between
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306 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS Unb
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308 14. ABBREVIATIONS Lolcopia1 - L
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310 14. ABBREVIATIONS Drosophila wi
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312 14. ABBREVIATIONS Saccharomyces
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314 15. SUMMARY At different stages
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316 15. SUMMARY L. multiflorum mito
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REVIEWERS’ COMMENTS With a great
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