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206 8. MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF THE GENUS LOLIUM such as L. remotum, L. temulentum or F. pratensis. In total six taxa gave a single PCR product that was digested. Between 14 and 24 restriction sites specific to six enzymes (AluI, HaeIII, HinfI, MspI, RsaI, TaqI) were identified. The magnitude of nucleotide divergence was the smallest between L. remotum and L. temulentum whereas the biggest values were observed between these both species and two subspecies of L. perenne (Table 8.2). Two species, L. remotum and L. temulentum were the most closely related as it could be concluded from shared restriction sites (Figure 8.8). It was plausible that 35% more restriction sites observed in two L. perenne subspecies and in L. loliaceum in comparison with F. pratensis resulted from mutations after a gene had been introgressed from F. pratensis. The lack of unique restriction sites for F. pratensis and their lower number seemed to confirm this view. Otherwise, it could suggest the ancestral position of F. pratensis. The autogamous species, L. loliaceum shared nearly all restriction sites with multiflorum with a single exception of MspI at the position of 300 bp that was shared with perenne. This again confirmed the close affinity of L. loliaceum to allogamous species, mostly to L. perenne ssp. multiflorum. 8.3.4. Grouping based on insertional polymorphism (SSAP) and random markers (RAPD, ISJ, AFLP) Dendrograms constructed based on insertional polymorphism (SSAP) and random molecular markers were highly congruent thus proved the tremendous utility of both approaches in phylogenetic studies. In both trees two clades were clearly visible, mostly in agreement with the mode of reproduction (Figure 8.9-8.10). The first clade consisted from three selfpollinated species, the second included three out-pollinated species and self-pollinated L. loliaceum. The most outer position was occupied, as expected, by P. pratensis. The placement of F. pratensis in the middle of dendrograms suggested its ancestral position in relation to the genus Lolium. Only minor differences were observed between both dendrograms and were related with L. rigidum. It was joined with L. loliaceum in the SSAP dendrogram whether random molecular markers placed it as an outer branch of the group of allogamous species, in close proximity to F. pratensis. Principally, the trees based on SSAP and random markers were highly congruent with that based on tRNA and low copy sequences. However, the smallest branches were better supported on the SSAP and random markers’ dendrograms. The trees based on single approaches generally tended to regroup species from one sequence to another. This observa-
8. MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF THE GENUS LOLIUM 207 tion supported the thesis that a single gene always produces some bias. Notwithstanding these minor differences, concordant phylogenetic signals recovered from all datasets enabled to combine them onto a single consensus tree that likely mirrored the phylogenesis of
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This research was done within the E
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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8 CONTENTS 4.4.4. Role of transposo
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10 CONTENTS 9.3.2. Similarity of ge
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12 1. INTRODUCTION
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14 1. INTRODUCTION occasionally use
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16 1. INTRODUCTION On the basis of
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18 1. INTRODUCTION The evidences fr
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20 1. INTRODUCTION overlap between
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22 1. INTRODUCTION et al. 2000; Cat
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24 1. INTRODUCTION According to the
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26 1. INTRODUCTION 1.6. APPLICATION
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28 1. INTRODUCTION of evolution wit
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30 1. INTRODUCTION are continuously
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2. GOALS The aim of this research w
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3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF L. MU
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36 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... fo
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38 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION...
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40 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... Wi
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42 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... va
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44 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... 3.
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46 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION...
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48 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... in
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50 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... pl
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52 3. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION... di
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4. GENETIC DIVERSITY OF L. MULTIFLO
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56 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... deed con
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58 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... 4.2.2. D
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60 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY...
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64 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... RAPD and
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66 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... SSAP pol
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68 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... It can b
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72 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... than wit
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82 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... power of
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84 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... Hamrick
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86 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... deviatio
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88 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... individu
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90 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... (inversi
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92 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... related
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94 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... cies and
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96 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... their sp
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98 4. GENETIC DIVERSITY... 4.5. CON
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100 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... Applic
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102 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... 5.2.2.
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104 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... 5.3. R
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106 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... very l
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108 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... 5.3.4.
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110 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... 5.4. D
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112 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... A seco
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114 5. ORIGIN OF SEEDLING... Perhap
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6. DO ANY SPECIES BOUNDARIES EXIST
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118 6. DO ANY SPECIES BOUNDARIES...
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Page 156 and 157: 156 6. DO ANY SPECIES BOUNDARIES...
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Page 248 and 249: 248 11. CONCLUSIONS ABOUT EVOLUTION
Page 250 and 251: 250 12, LITERATURE CITED Bączkiewi
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256 12, LITERATURE CITED Jing R, Kn
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258 12, LITERATURE CITED MacDonald
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260 12, LITERATURE CITED Payne RC,
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262 12, LITERATURE CITED Schiex T,
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264 12, LITERATURE CITED United Sta
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266 12, LITERATURE CITED Zielinski
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268 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS pla
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270 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
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274 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS ANN
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280 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS Ann
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290 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS •
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292 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS The
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296 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS fie
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The average gene diversity between
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306 13. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS Unb
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308 14. ABBREVIATIONS Lolcopia1 - L
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310 14. ABBREVIATIONS Drosophila wi
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312 14. ABBREVIATIONS Saccharomyces
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314 15. SUMMARY At different stages
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316 15. SUMMARY L. multiflorum mito
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REVIEWERS’ COMMENTS With a great
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