gas hydrate - CCOP

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The gas composition (12 samples analyzed) is mainly N 2 with no methane. This can be compared to biogas sample, having 70.3% methane. Coal Seam Groundwater Quality Analysis Twenty groundwater samples were analyzed for public utilization to determine pH, salinity, alkalinity, electro-conductivity, and total dissolved solid Five water samples were analyzed for environmental impact protection. The pH, total dissolved solids, suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand and sulfide content were determined. The water quality in the Mae Tha coal seam is moderately good with no adverse environmental impact and can be utilized for agriculture. Gas Flow Rate Test The combination gas flow rate tests evaluated with the coal seam fracturing study, coal petrography analysis, compressive strength test, porosity and permeability and gas absorption and desorption analyses indicate the following: Gas in place factors; the porosity ranged between 1.85-5.24% with the average of 3.88% and the supposed total gas desorption averaged 35 cubic feet per ton. Gas flow factors; the low permeability allowed only 2.5x10 -3 md water to flow through thus requiring more suitable coal seam fracturing techniques in order to increase the permeability and to increase as much as possible the surface area for coal seam gas trapping and flowage. Gas flow rate factors; the coal bed gives a high flow rate at the earlier stage and then the rate decreases while requiring a greater rate of dewatering. Gas Reserve Evaluation; the operational reserve evaluation procedures are performed as follows: i) The strike of coal beds is 327°-328° and dips are 9°-10° to the northeast but the beds are downfaulted to greater depth by normal faulting towards the centre of the basin. The structural contour map of the top of coal-bed and the coal thickness display these inconsistencies. ii) Coal reserve calculation from the polygonal method was performed and indicated 23.90 million tons of total coal reserves. iii) If the assumed total gas desorption of the coal is 35 cubic feet per ton, the total gas inplace reserves will be about 836.50 million cubic feet. The gas chromatograph measurement on methane contents were doubtful. If the methane content in gas is assumed to be 70%, the methane in place reserves should be 585.55 million cubic feet. Water Quality Water quality by gas production can be compared with water quality of environmental standard for industrial estates (Ministry of Science, Technology, and Environment, 3 rd announcement, 1996). The average analyses results shown in Table 3 are in the standard range. In conclusion, the byproduct water is of good quality and can be disposed to the public surface water without any adverse environmental impacts. 136 New Energy Resources in the CCOP Region - Gas Hydrates and Coalbed Methane
The by-product water quantity and quality of CBM under the control of valves, pipes, and separator, may have a positive impact because it can serve through controlled management i.e. pumping directly to agricultural fields. At the site of a production well, the equipment and plant will have no significant effect on land use because only a few square meters are required and also there is no need to reclaim. From the water quality result on Table 3, no water treatment is required before water can be either directly utilized or disposed. Table 3. CBM Water Quality Analysis Parameters Analysis Results Standard Water temperature (◦c) 32.22 ≤37 pH 7.10 5.5-9 Conductivity; milli-ohms/meters 326.11 ≤ 30,000 TDS: total dissolved solid; mg/l 2,020 ≤ 5,000 Salinity; mg/l 2,040 2,000-5,000 Mae Lamao Production and observation wells Three wells, one production well and two observation wells, were located in a straight line. Major factors that were considered in well location included thickness and continuity of coal beds, depth of coal beds and structural geology. Final completion of the production and observation wells was commenced after drilling was completed. This is the stage at which pipes are installed. For the depth interval above or below the coal beds, blank casing was installed while at the depth interval where coal beds occurred screen was installed to allow coalbed gas to flow into the well. Gravel packing was placed from the bottom of the well upwards to 5 meters above the top of the coal bed. The remaining section of the well upwards to the depth of 50 meters was clay plugged. A cement plug was placed from the depth of 50 meters to the surface to prevent percolation of surface water. The depth intervals at which coal beds are found in both production and observation wells are shown in Table 4. The enclosing strata are made up of mudstone, claystone, shale, sandstone, conglomerate, breccia, and Quaternary unconsolidated clay-sand-gravel. The coal-bearing strata are divided into an upper coal bed and a lower coal bed. The upper coal bed is found at the depth of 261-270 meters (thickness 9 meters) and lower coal bed at the depth of 281-286 meters (thickness 5 meters). Between the upper and lower coal beds, sandstone and claystone with a thickness of 11 meters are present. New Energy Resources in the CCOP Region - Gas Hydrates and Coalbed Methane 137
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Coordinating Committee for Geoscien
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Thematic Session on New Energy Reso
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CONTENTS Page OPENING REMARKS……
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OPENING REMARKS by Chen Shik Pei Di
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WELCOME ADDRESS by Tai-Sup Lee Pres
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WELCOME ADDRESS by Keun-Pil Park Di
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CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS by David Pri
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PART I GAS HYDRATE: EXPLORATION, RE
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Partial differential equations for
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the follo
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REFERENCES Berner R. A. (1980) Earl
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features of the seabed than those o
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secure the stability of the solutio
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trends depending on the following f
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Organic carbon in sediments is of i
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Sedimentological and Geochemical As
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Figure 3. Sedimentation rate of the
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Marine Gas Hydrate off W. Canada an
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Several methods for computing the Q
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0.035 0.03 Amplitude 0.025 0.02 0.0
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60 50 Amplitude 40 30 20 10 0 0 50
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REFERENCES Dallimore, S.R. and T.S.
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Frequency % 20 16 12 8 HAMA #5, MV=
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Figure 3. Experimental procedures f
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Figure 7 shows two cases of the com
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Seismic Characteristics of Gas Hydr
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Purpose The purpose of this paper i
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The dissociation zone created by th
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hydrate that forms near the wellbor
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dissociation, composite thermal con
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Figure 9. The Advanced Light Source
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Experimental Studies and Developmen
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Natural gas hydrate exploitation an
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Natural gas Free gas layer Figure 5
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Figure 7. One-dimensional developme
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Temper at ur e 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
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From the above discussion, the heat
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INTRODUCTION Clathrate hydrates are
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MATHEMATICAL MODEL The mathematical
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Where the hydrate-aqueous radius of
Page 82 and 83: REFERENCES Brooks, R.H., and A.T. C
Page 84 and 85: 86 New Energy Resources in the CCOP
Page 86 and 87: In this paper, an overview of the M
Page 88 and 89: The brief tasks in the Phase I are:
Page 90 and 91: In "Development of the dissociation
Page 92 and 93: Figure 5. Preparation equipment. AN
Page 94 and 95: Other recent research subjects in t
Page 96 and 97: same crystalline structure directly
Page 98 and 99: Another important aspect of the pre
Page 100 and 101: a + CO 2 CH 4 C 2 H 6 b CH 4 in sII
Page 102 and 103: REFERENCES Collett, T.S. and Kuuskr
Page 104 and 105: Figure 1. Physiographic and crust m
Page 106 and 107: Figure 3. Seismic profile showing s
Page 108 and 109: Figure 7. Distribution of echo char
Page 110 and 111: Figure 10. Seismic profile and its
Page 112 and 113: In the early stage of back-arc open
Page 114 and 115: PART II COALBED METHANE (CBM)
Page 116 and 117: Supply and demand infrastructure of
Page 118 and 119: Amisan, Jogyeri, Baegunsa, and Seon
Page 120 and 121: PROPERTIES OF ANTHRACITE The coals
Page 122 and 123: Table 4. Average chemical compositi
Page 124 and 125: CONCLUSIONS 1. Most of the coals em
Page 126 and 127: INTRODUCTION Coal (total reserves 2
Page 128 and 129: ีีีีีีีีี ั ิ
Page 130 and 131: RESULTS By Government: The outcomes
Page 134 and 135: Table 4. Coal Depth Interval Hole N
Page 136 and 137: The results of studies made on 11 c
Page 138 and 139: CONCLUSION CBM is still hoped to be
Page 140 and 141: The Government of Indonesia through
Page 142 and 143: The Berau basin is a major coal pro
Page 144 and 145: PP: CBM - 1 Rambutan (GOI Sponsor)
Page 146 and 147: Overview of Project for CO 2 Seques
Page 148 and 149: The organic geochemistry research g
Page 150 and 151: 3.5 25 3.0 20 Ar(%) C O 2(%) 2.5 2
Page 152 and 153: 20 8 10 0 6 δ13C of CO2(‰) -10 -
Page 154 and 155: Figure 1. Index map of Akabira Coal
Page 156: ORIGIN OF AKABIRA CBM In Akabira mi
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