gas hydrate - CCOP

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0.035 0.03 Amplitude 0.025 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 Frequency (Hz) Figure 2. The amplitude spectrums of the direct arrivals of the synthetic data generated with the velocity model in Figure 1. (Receiver interval is 10 m). Figure 4 shows frequency-dependent Q-factors computed by the modified spectral ratio method. For all layers, the computed Q-factors appear a little bit larger than true Q-factors and fluctuate along frequency. The fluctuation is severer in the layer with larger Q factor. Even for the fifth layer, we could not extract Q-factors form the data with 10 m-receiver interval because only two samples were available in computing Q-value by the regression technique. Even the calculation of Q-factor from the data with 2-m receiver interval was very unstable for the fifth layer. To analyze the reason of the fluctuation and the discrepancy between the extracted Q value and the true value, the further research is needed. Q-factor 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1500 Q-factor 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1500 Q-factor 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1500 1550 Model 1550 1550 1600 1600 1600 Depth (m) 1650 1700 1750 1650 1700 1750 1650 1700 1750 1800 1800 1800 1850 1850 1850 1900 ΔR = 10 m 1900 ΔR = 5 m 1900 ΔR = 2 m Figure 3. Q factors extracted from direct arrivals in the synthetic data by using the spectral ratio method. 38 New Energy Resources in the <strong>CCOP</strong> Region - Gas Hydrates and Coalbed Methane
Q-factor 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Q-factor 0 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 Frequency (Hz) (a) 0 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 Frequency (Hz) (c) 500 450 400 350 300 10 m 5 m 250 2 m 200 Model 150 100 50 0 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 10 m 5 m 5000 2 m 4000 Model 3000 2000 1000 Frequency (Hz) (b) 0 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 Frequency (Hz) (d) 10 m 5 m 2 m Model 5 m 2 m Model Figure 4. Q factors computed by the modified spectral ratio method for (a) the second layer (Q=500), (b) the third layer (Q=150), (c) the fourth layer (Q=50), and (d) the fifth layer (Q=1000). FILED DATA EXAMPLE – MALLIK 5L-38 WELL We applied the spectral ratio method and the modified spectral ratio method to the zero-offset VSP data published by Mallik 2002 Gas Hydrate Production Research Well Program (Dallimore and Collett, 2005). The VSP survey was conducted at the Mallik 3L-38 observation well using a vibroseis source (8 – 180 Hz) and a three-component, five-level tool with sensor separation of 15 m. The source was located at 22 m from the well collar and the receivers were positioned from 560 to 1145 m in depth for the zero-offset data. To make the data for the calculation of Q-factors, we muted all wave fields except for the direct arrivals. The compensation for spherical spreading and the interference of reflected waves were not applied. Figure 5 shows the amplitude spectrums of the direct arrivals extracted from the real data. As shown from the figure, the amplitude decreases as the depth of the receiver increases. However, the decrease in the amplitude spectrum of the first receiver to that of the second receiver is too large. This large attenuation in the amplitude spectrum might come from the transmission coefficient from the permafrost to the sediment rather than from the absorption related to the Q-factor. Thus the first trace was excluded in computing Q factors. Based on the amplitude spectrum shown in Figure 5, the frequency range of 20 to 80 Hz is used in the calculation. New Energy Resources in the <strong>CCOP</strong> Region - Gas Hydrates and Coalbed Methane 39
Page 2 and 3: Coordinating Committee for Geoscien
Page 4 and 5: Thematic Session on New Energy Reso
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS Page OPENING REMARKS……
Page 8 and 9: OPENING REMARKS by Chen Shik Pei Di
Page 10 and 11: WELCOME ADDRESS by Tai-Sup Lee Pres
Page 12 and 13: WELCOME ADDRESS by Keun-Pil Park Di
Page 14 and 15: CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS by David Pri
Page 16 and 17: PART I GAS HYDRATE: EXPLORATION, RE
Page 18 and 19: Partial differential equations for
Page 20 and 21: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the follo
Page 22 and 23: REFERENCES Berner R. A. (1980) Earl
Page 24 and 25: features of the seabed than those o
Page 26 and 27: secure the stability of the solutio
Page 28 and 29: trends depending on the following f
Page 30 and 31: Organic carbon in sediments is of i
Page 32 and 33: Sedimentological and Geochemical As
Page 34 and 35: Figure 3. Sedimentation rate of the
Page 36 and 37: Marine Gas Hydrate off W. Canada an
Page 38 and 39: Several methods for computing the Q
Page 42 and 43: 60 50 Amplitude 40 30 20 10 0 0 50
Page 44 and 45: REFERENCES Dallimore, S.R. and T.S.
Page 46 and 47: Frequency % 20 16 12 8 HAMA #5, MV=
Page 48 and 49: Figure 3. Experimental procedures f
Page 50 and 51: Figure 7 shows two cases of the com
Page 52 and 53: Seismic Characteristics of Gas Hydr
Page 54 and 55: Purpose The purpose of this paper i
Page 56 and 57: The dissociation zone created by th
Page 58 and 59: hydrate that forms near the wellbor
Page 60 and 61: dissociation, composite thermal con
Page 62 and 63: Figure 9. The Advanced Light Source
Page 64 and 65: Experimental Studies and Developmen
Page 66 and 67: Natural gas hydrate exploitation an
Page 68 and 69: Natural gas Free gas layer Figure 5
Page 70 and 71: Figure 7. One-dimensional developme
Page 72 and 73: Temper at ur e 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
Page 74 and 75: From the above discussion, the heat
Page 76 and 77: INTRODUCTION Clathrate hydrates are
Page 78 and 79: MATHEMATICAL MODEL The mathematical
Page 80 and 81: Where the hydrate-aqueous radius of
Page 82 and 83: REFERENCES Brooks, R.H., and A.T. C
Page 84 and 85: 86 New Energy Resources in the CCOP
Page 86 and 87: In this paper, an overview of the M
Page 88 and 89: The brief tasks in the Phase I are:
Page 90 and 91:
In "Development of the dissociation
Page 92 and 93:
Figure 5. Preparation equipment. AN
Page 94 and 95:
Other recent research subjects in t
Page 96 and 97:
same crystalline structure directly
Page 98 and 99:
Another important aspect of the pre
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a + CO 2 CH 4 C 2 H 6 b CH 4 in sII
Page 102 and 103:
REFERENCES Collett, T.S. and Kuuskr
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Figure 1. Physiographic and crust m
Page 106 and 107:
Figure 3. Seismic profile showing s
Page 108 and 109:
Figure 7. Distribution of echo char
Page 110 and 111:
Figure 10. Seismic profile and its
Page 112 and 113:
In the early stage of back-arc open
Page 114 and 115:
PART II COALBED METHANE (CBM)
Page 116 and 117:
Supply and demand infrastructure of
Page 118 and 119:
Amisan, Jogyeri, Baegunsa, and Seon
Page 120 and 121:
PROPERTIES OF ANTHRACITE The coals
Page 122 and 123:
Table 4. Average chemical compositi
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CONCLUSIONS 1. Most of the coals em
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INTRODUCTION Coal (total reserves 2
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ีีีีีีีีี ั ิ
Page 130 and 131:
RESULTS By Government: The outcomes
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The gas composition (12 samples ana
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Table 4. Coal Depth Interval Hole N
Page 136 and 137:
The results of studies made on 11 c
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CONCLUSION CBM is still hoped to be
Page 140 and 141:
The Government of Indonesia through
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The Berau basin is a major coal pro
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PP: CBM - 1 Rambutan (GOI Sponsor)
Page 146 and 147:
Overview of Project for CO 2 Seques
Page 148 and 149:
The organic geochemistry research g
Page 150 and 151:
3.5 25 3.0 20 Ar(%) C O 2(%) 2.5 2
Page 152 and 153:
20 8 10 0 6 δ13C of CO2(‰) -10 -
Page 154 and 155:
Figure 1. Index map of Akabira Coal
Page 156:
ORIGIN OF AKABIRA CBM In Akabira mi
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