gas hydrate - CCOP

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Seismic Characteristics of Gas Hydrate and Associated Features: Myths and Facts Gwang H. Lee Department of Environment Exploration Engineering Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea ABSTRACT: The bottom-simulating reflector (BSR), caused by the large acoustic impedance contrast at the boundary between the gas hydrate-bearing sediments in the gas hydrate stability zone and the gas-bearing sediments below, is the principal evidence of gas hydrate. Other seismic indicators of gas hydrate and sub-hydrate free gas include: elevated interval velocities and amplitude reduction above the BSR, enhanced reflection and frequency reduction below the BSR, and amplitude variation with offset along the BSR. However, these indicators and the BSR do not provide quantitative information for gas hydrate. Moreover, the BSR can be associated with recording artifacts, multiples, and the opal-A/opal-CT phase boundary. Gas or fluid escape features such as mud volcanoes, pock marks, seismic chimneys (vertical vents), and plumes in the water column can serve as supporting evidence of gas hydrate where the presence of gas hydrate is expected. Recent studies suggest that vertical vents rather than the BSR can be the preferred seismic evidence for identifying the prime locations for near-surface gas hydrate. However, the overall concentration of gas hydrate or gas within the vent appears to be very small. Keywords: gas hydrate, BSR, amplitude reduction, enhanced reflection, mud volcanoes, seismic chimney. New Energy Resources in the CCOP Region - Gas Hydrates and Coalbed Methane 51
Numerical, Laboratory and Field Studies of Gas Production from Natural Hydrate Accumulations in Geologic Media George J. Moridis, Timothy Kneafsey, Michael Kowalsky and Matthew Reagan Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA ABSTRACT: We discuss the range of activities at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in support of gas production from natural hydrates. Investigations of production from the various classes of hydrate deposits by numerical simulation indicate their significant promise as potential energy sources. Laboratory studies are coordinated with the numerical studies and are designed to address knowledge gaps that are important to the prediction of gas production. Our involvement in field tests is also briefly discussed. Keywords: hydrates, gas production, simulation, laboratory studies, field studies. INTRODUCTION Background Gas hydrates are solid crystalline compounds in which gas molecules are lodged within the lattices of ice crystals. Natural gas hydrate deposits involve mainly CH 4 , and occur in two distinctly different geologic settings: in the permafrost and in deep ocean sediments. Current estimates of CH 4 in hydrates vary widely, ranging between 10 15 to 10 18 m 3 (Sloan, 1998). The most conservative estimate surpasses by a factor of two the energy content of all conventional fossil fuel reserves. Thus, hydrates are attracting attention as a potential energy resource. Gas from hydrates can be produced by inducing dissociation by any combination of the following three main methods: (1) depressurization, (2) thermal stimulation, and (3) the use of hydration inhibitors (e.g., salts and alcohols). Classification of Hydrate Deposits Natural hydrate accumulations are divided into four classes (Moridis and Collett, 2003; Moridis and Sloan, 2006). Class 1 accumulations are composed of two layers: an underlying two-phase fluid zone with free (mobile) gas, and an overlying hydrate-bearing layer (HBL) involving water and hydrate (Class 1W) or gas and hydrate (Class 1G). In Class 1 deposits, the bottom of the hydrate stability zone coincides with the bottom of the hydrate interval. Class 2 deposits comprise two zones: the HBL overlying a mobile water zone. Class 3 accumulations are composed of a single zone, the HBL, and are characterized by the absence of an underlying zone of mobile fluids. In Classes 2 and 3, the entire hydrate interval may be at or within the hydrate stability zone. Finally, Class 4 deposits involve dispersed, lowsaturation accumulations in marine geologic media that are not bounded by confining strata and can extend over large areas. New Energy Resources in the CCOP Region - Gas Hydrates and Coalbed Methane 53
Page 2 and 3: Coordinating Committee for Geoscien
Page 4 and 5: Thematic Session on New Energy Reso
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS Page OPENING REMARKS……
Page 8 and 9: OPENING REMARKS by Chen Shik Pei Di
Page 10 and 11: WELCOME ADDRESS by Tai-Sup Lee Pres
Page 12 and 13: WELCOME ADDRESS by Keun-Pil Park Di
Page 14 and 15: CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS by David Pri
Page 16 and 17: PART I GAS HYDRATE: EXPLORATION, RE
Page 18 and 19: Partial differential equations for
Page 20 and 21: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the follo
Page 22 and 23: REFERENCES Berner R. A. (1980) Earl
Page 24 and 25: features of the seabed than those o
Page 26 and 27: secure the stability of the solutio
Page 28 and 29: trends depending on the following f
Page 30 and 31: Organic carbon in sediments is of i
Page 32 and 33: Sedimentological and Geochemical As
Page 34 and 35: Figure 3. Sedimentation rate of the
Page 36 and 37: Marine Gas Hydrate off W. Canada an
Page 38 and 39: Several methods for computing the Q
Page 40 and 41: 0.035 0.03 Amplitude 0.025 0.02 0.0
Page 42 and 43: 60 50 Amplitude 40 30 20 10 0 0 50
Page 44 and 45: REFERENCES Dallimore, S.R. and T.S.
Page 46 and 47: Frequency % 20 16 12 8 HAMA #5, MV=
Page 48 and 49: Figure 3. Experimental procedures f
Page 50 and 51: Figure 7 shows two cases of the com
Page 54 and 55: Purpose The purpose of this paper i
Page 56 and 57: The dissociation zone created by th
Page 58 and 59: hydrate that forms near the wellbor
Page 60 and 61: dissociation, composite thermal con
Page 62 and 63: Figure 9. The Advanced Light Source
Page 64 and 65: Experimental Studies and Developmen
Page 66 and 67: Natural gas hydrate exploitation an
Page 68 and 69: Natural gas Free gas layer Figure 5
Page 70 and 71: Figure 7. One-dimensional developme
Page 72 and 73: Temper at ur e 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
Page 74 and 75: From the above discussion, the heat
Page 76 and 77: INTRODUCTION Clathrate hydrates are
Page 78 and 79: MATHEMATICAL MODEL The mathematical
Page 80 and 81: Where the hydrate-aqueous radius of
Page 82 and 83: REFERENCES Brooks, R.H., and A.T. C
Page 84 and 85: 86 New Energy Resources in the CCOP
Page 86 and 87: In this paper, an overview of the M
Page 88 and 89: The brief tasks in the Phase I are:
Page 90 and 91: In "Development of the dissociation
Page 92 and 93: Figure 5. Preparation equipment. AN
Page 94 and 95: Other recent research subjects in t
Page 96 and 97: same crystalline structure directly
Page 98 and 99: Another important aspect of the pre
Page 100 and 101: a + CO 2 CH 4 C 2 H 6 b CH 4 in sII
Page 102 and 103:
REFERENCES Collett, T.S. and Kuuskr
Page 104 and 105:
Figure 1. Physiographic and crust m
Page 106 and 107:
Figure 3. Seismic profile showing s
Page 108 and 109:
Figure 7. Distribution of echo char
Page 110 and 111:
Figure 10. Seismic profile and its
Page 112 and 113:
In the early stage of back-arc open
Page 114 and 115:
PART II COALBED METHANE (CBM)
Page 116 and 117:
Supply and demand infrastructure of
Page 118 and 119:
Amisan, Jogyeri, Baegunsa, and Seon
Page 120 and 121:
PROPERTIES OF ANTHRACITE The coals
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Table 4. Average chemical compositi
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CONCLUSIONS 1. Most of the coals em
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INTRODUCTION Coal (total reserves 2
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ีีีีีีีีี ั ิ
Page 130 and 131:
RESULTS By Government: The outcomes
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The gas composition (12 samples ana
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Table 4. Coal Depth Interval Hole N
Page 136 and 137:
The results of studies made on 11 c
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CONCLUSION CBM is still hoped to be
Page 140 and 141:
The Government of Indonesia through
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The Berau basin is a major coal pro
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PP: CBM - 1 Rambutan (GOI Sponsor)
Page 146 and 147:
Overview of Project for CO 2 Seques
Page 148 and 149:
The organic geochemistry research g
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3.5 25 3.0 20 Ar(%) C O 2(%) 2.5 2
Page 152 and 153:
20 8 10 0 6 δ13C of CO2(‰) -10 -
Page 154 and 155:
Figure 1. Index map of Akabira Coal
Page 156:
ORIGIN OF AKABIRA CBM In Akabira mi
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