AN AUGURY OF REVOLUTION: THE IRANIAN STUDENT ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

A British newspaper noted that “among Iranians, as with other nations, it is the youth who are taking the initiative.” 398 On 27 January 1969 a group of Iranian students occupied the Iranian embassy in Rome and held it for several hours. 399 Protests also took place in Switzerland when Iranian expatriates protested the shah’s visit. 400 On 5 February 1969, demonstrators marched in front of the Iranian Consulate General in San Francisco. The group consisted mainly of members of the ISAUS, but there were also members of SDS, the American Federation of Teachers, and six members of the Black Panthers. 401 Iranian student unrest also continued in West Germany. When Prime Minister Hoveyda visited West Germany from 28 April to 30 April 1969, his travels were restricted. He went to Bonn because it was the only city where German authorities could guarantee to control the behavior of dissident Iranian students. The trip was an attempt to undo the damage done during the 1967 visit, but it failed. 402 Following Hoveyda’s trip to West Germany, the Iranian Student League in Frankfurt issued a call in its monthly publication to Iranian students both in Iran and abroad to work for the overthrow of the Pahlavi regime because of “increasing persecution by the Shah.” 403 398 “The Black Side of the Shah’s Revolution,” The Observer FNS, 12 February 1969 in CIS, Documents on the Pahlavi Reign of Terror in Iran, 176. 399 Airgram from American Embassy in Rome to Department of State, “Occupation of Iranian Embassy by Iranian Students,” 20 January 1969, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files 1967-1969, Box 2218, Folder title ripped off, RG 59, NA; “The Black Side of the Shah’s Revolution,” The Observer FNS, 12 February 1969 in CIS, Documents on the Pahlavi Reign of Terror in Iran, 176. 400 “The Black Side of the Shah’s Revolution,” The Observer FNS, 12 February 1969 in CIS, Documents on the Pahlavi Reign of Terror in Iran, 176. 401 Telegram from Department of Sate to American Embassy in Tehran, “March Against Iranian San Francisco Consulate General,” 6 February 1969, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files 1967-1969, Box 2220, Folder POL 17 IRAN – US, RG 59, NA. 402 Airgram from American Embassy in Tehran to Department of State, “Iran/Germany: Prime Minister Hoveyda’s Visit to Germany,” 19 May 1969, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files 1967- 1969, Box 2216, Folder POL 7 IRAN (12/1/69), RG 59, NA. 403 Telegram from American Embassy in Tehran to Secretary of State William P. Rogers, “Political Arrests in Iran and Shah Visit,” 1 October 1969, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files 1967- 1969, Box 2216, Folder POL 7 IRAN (12/1/69), RG 59, NA. 96
Demonstrations occurred in Iran that stressed improvements to Iran’s education system in 1967 and 1968, and more protests broke out in 1969 as a result of a large increase in bus fares. However, the largest demonstrations still occurred abroad because of the constant surveillance by SAVAK. The American embassy predicted that demonstrations and manifestations would continue to occur and become more embarrassing and threatening to the shah’s regime. 404 Large demonstrations occurred when the shah made a five-day visit to the United States in late October 1969, and there was tightened security because both the American and Iranian governments were concerned about possible embarrassments. 405 There were also special preparations made by the ISAUS leading up to this visit. On 20 September there was a meeting held at the Iran House in New York City. 406 The meeting was led by Bijan Mosahebnia, Ghasem Ali Eskandary, Ali Zareyan, Bijan Mohajjer, Dr. Khosro Parsa, Cyrus Yeganeh, Abdol Hamid Zarbakhsh, and Hassan Zevarei, who were all members of Iranian student organizations in the United States. 407 Dr. Parsa was identified as the primary organizer in the New York area. Fazlollah Bazargan, Dr. Tahirpour, and Ahmed Massoud were also present, and they were leaders of the protest movement in California. Abdol Hamid Zarbakhsh and Mehrdad reportedly went to Italy to recruit radical Iranian students studying there to come to the U.S. to participate in 404 Airgram form the American Embassy in Tehran to the Department of State, “Country Policy Appraisal – Iran,” 17 October 1968, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files, 1967-1969, Box 2219, Folder IRAN – US political affairs and religion (1/1/67), RG 59, NA. 405 Telegram 159738 from the Department of State to the Embassy in Iran, “Shah Visit – Security Considerations,” 19 September 1969, 2048Z, FRUS 1969-1976, Vol. E-4, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/ (accessed on 14 April 2008). 406 Telegram from American Embassy in Tehran to Secretary of State William P. Rogers, “Shah Visit Planning – Security Measures,” 14 October 1969, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files, 1967-1969, Box 2216, Folder POL 7 IRAN (12/1/69), RG 59, NA. 407 Telegram from American Embassy in Tehran to Secretary of State William P. Rogers, “Shah Visit Planning – Security Measures,” 14 October 1969, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files, 1967-1969, Box 2216, Folder POL 7 IRAN (12/1/69), RG 59, NA. 97
Page 1 and 2:
AN AUGURY OF REVOLUTION: THE IRANIA
Page 3 and 4:
ABSTRACT The Iranian student moveme
Page 5 and 6:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many peop
Page 7 and 8:
DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated
Page 9 and 10:
CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION AND HISTOR
Page 11 and 12:
a blank check to purchase any non-n
Page 13 and 14:
and collective confrontation of ill
Page 15 and 16:
The Iranian intelligentsia that bec
Page 17 and 18:
man.” 20 More and more Iranians h
Page 19 and 20:
developments took place during the
Page 21 and 22:
7,610 students. 39 James Bill ackno
Page 23 and 24:
the potential to provide an alterna
Page 25 and 26:
ole that the United States was assu
Page 27 and 28:
and Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini ret
Page 29 and 30:
Mosaddeq was soft on communism, res
Page 31 and 32:
decade. Inequality, imperialism, co
Page 33 and 34:
Iranian Students.” 77 Fereydoun H
Page 35 and 36:
visit he made from the early 1960s
Page 37 and 38:
Iranian general recalled that when
Page 39 and 40:
epresented a wide variety of politi
Page 41 and 42:
Iranian student protests in the ear
Page 43 and 44:
government. 114 Information from th
Page 45 and 46:
“Their message was clear: Don’t
Page 47 and 48:
on six issues. Land reform was one
Page 49 and 50:
Roosevelt of California. 143 Faribo
Page 51 and 52:
a group of picketing Iranian studen
Page 53 and 54: progressive-mindedness that charact
Page 55 and 56: embarrassing to the United States G
Page 57 and 58: Throughout Kennedy’s presidency,
Page 59 and 60: of an impossible leader - - by enli
Page 61 and 62: The shah saw Iranian students abroa
Page 63 and 64: people. Show the Shah that you cond
Page 65 and 66: warned the Iranian students that th
Page 67 and 68: Iranian students under warning from
Page 69 and 70: people whether they were themselves
Page 71 and 72: unprecedented, with the exception o
Page 73 and 74: ecause they were active members and
Page 75 and 76: youth organizations such as the Fre
Page 77 and 78: approchement with the Soviet Union
Page 79 and 80: Iranian students in the United Stat
Page 81 and 82: condemnation of American imperialis
Page 83 and 84: quarterly publication of the ISAUS,
Page 85 and 86: States. When Bunting asked if the g
Page 87 and 88: the police used four water cannons
Page 89 and 90: With the trip postponed, the briefi
Page 91 and 92: diplomats in Tehran noted that they
Page 93 and 94: the modernization of education thre
Page 95 and 96: The shah made his last visit to the
Page 97 and 98: intimately involved in the U.S. cou
Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER IV - THE RADICALIZATION OF
Page 101 and 102: and networking with western student
Page 103: Marxists had taken place.” 393 Fo
Page 107 and 108: agents in the Iranian Embassy in Wa
Page 109 and 110: student movement abroad was by far
Page 111 and 112: The group ended up receiving cots f
Page 113 and 114: were the result of high unemploymen
Page 115 and 116: egan to give the wrong people hairc
Page 117 and 118: opportunities for the CIS and well-
Page 119 and 120: with a group of Iranian students fr
Page 121 and 122: same day the lavish ceremonies were
Page 123 and 124: For the rest of the shah’s rule,
Page 125 and 126: question the nature of American inv
Page 127 and 128: over.” 499 As a result of a possi
Page 129 and 130: Even though Jimmy Carter used human
Page 131 and 132: augury stretched far beyond that on
Page 133 and 134: percent were inspired by communism.
Page 135 and 136: etaliatory response to the hostages
Page 137 and 138: did not desire the establishment of
Page 139 and 140: further radicalized the opposition.
Page 141 and 142: Douglas, William O. The Court Years
Page 143 and 144: Sick, Gary. All Fall Down: America
Page 145 and 146: Demonstrate: Tuesday, Sept. 1st, 4:
Page 147 and 148: SECONDARY SOURCES Abrahamian, Ervan
Page 149 and 150: Dixon, David and Shirin Hakimzadeh.
Page 151 and 152: Heineman, Kenneth J. Campus Wars: T
Page 153 and 154: McAlister, Melani. Epic Encounters:
Page 155 and 156:
Von Dirke, Sabine. “All Power to
Page 157 and 158:
(above) Figure 3. Ali Mohammad Fate
Page 159 and 160:
(above) Figure 8. Heading of demons
Page 161 and 162:
(above) Figure 12. Masked Iranian s
Page 163 and 164:
(below) Figure16. Front page of ISA
Page 165:
(left) Figure 19. The battle lines
show all

AN AUGURY OF REVOLUTION: THE IRANIAN STUDENT ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?