AN AUGURY OF REVOLUTION: THE IRANIAN STUDENT ...

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Shah!” 221 Groups of 25 to 30 students also greeted the shah at Dulles Airport, the White House, American University, the Sulgrave Club, and the Iranian embassy. 222 While the shah was accompanied by Empress Farah, she remained on the East Coast, and she did not go with him to UCLA because of a “disagreeable experience with students in California two years ago.” 223 The shah’s motorcade had to be constantly rerouted throughout the trip so that he would not come into contact with the groups of students protesting on the streets of Washington, D.C. 224 A one-hour meeting between the shah and President Johnson was arranged on 5 June, during which they discussed numerous issues. One was American military assistance and the modernization of the Iranian armed forces. The second was the Arab threat on Iran’s borders. The shah feared the influence of Nasser’s Pan-Arab Nationalism in surrounding nations and on the Arab population within Iran. Third, the United States assured the shah that it would not sacrifice Iran’s security interests as part of a settlement with the Soviet Union. There were also numerous issues to be discussed, which included thanking the shah for his support of the American war effort in South Vietnam. 225 Along with these crucial talking points, Johnson was prepared to discuss the “Iranian student problem” in the United States. Rusk noted in an earlier memorandum that the shah might express dissatisfaction with the inability of the U.S. government to control anti-shah students studying in the United States. While Johnson remained adamant that the United States did not support the students’ activities, he assured the shah that 221 “Shah in U.S. for Visit; To See Johnson Today,” NYT, 5 June 1964, p. 3. 222 Telegram from the Department of State to the Embassy in Iran, “Shah’s Visit,” 9 June 1964, FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXII, 82-3. This document can be found at the National Archives in the General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files 1964-66, Box 2331, Folder POL 7 IRAN (1/1/64). 223 Telegram from American Embassy in Tehran to Secretary of State, 22 April 1964, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files 1964-66, Box 397, Folder IRAN EDX, RG 59, NA; “Shah in U.S. for Visit; To See Johnson Today,” NYT, 5 June 1964, p. 3. 224 DOS to AE Iran, “Shah’s Visit,” 9 June 1964, FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXII, 82-3. 225 Rusk to Johnson, “Your Meeting with the Shah of Iran,” 3 June 1964, FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXII, 66-8. 58
Iranian students under warning from the Justice Department would be deported if they participated in radical activities. 226 After meeting with Johnson, the shah continued with his other engagements. The trip brought the shah to some of the nation’s finest universities, and was an indication of growing “Pahlavism” in the United States. 227 On 9 June the shah received an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from New York University. At the ceremony Dr. James M. Hester, president of the university, stated that the shah’s work in “building the future of Iran on social justice and democratic ideals gives the world an imperial example of wise and courageous leadership.” 228 About 50 Iranian students protested American acceptance of the shah’s policies outside the building where Dr. Hester made his statements. The shah was upset because he could hear the protestors shouting phrases such as “N.Y.U., shame on you” while NYU Vice President Thomas C. Pollock praised the shah. 229 Iranian Ambassador to the United States Mahmoud Foroughi said that the events at NYU were one of two troublesome occurrences during the shah’s trip. 230 The second event that they found troublesome occurred at UCLA. Professor Robert G. Neumann, Director of the Institute of International Affairs at UCLA , wanted to award the shah an honorary degree and have him 226 Rusk to Johnson, “Your Meeting with the Shah of Iran,” 3 June 1964, FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXII, 66-8. 227 Pahlavism is defined as close personal and professional relationships between the shah and American leaders in government, finance, industry, academia, and the media. For good discussion on Pahlavism see Chapter 9, Bill, The Eagle and the Lion, 319-79. 228 Thomas J. Hamilton, “Iran Offers Unit for a U.N. Force; Shah Backs Peace-Keeping-Is Honored by N.Y.U.,” NYT, 10 June 1964, p. 4, 229 Telegram from the Department of State to the Embassy in Iran, 16 June 1964, FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXII, 90-1; Thomas J. Hamilton, “Iran Offers Unit for a U.N. Force; Shah Backs Peace-Keeping-Is Honored by N.Y.U.,” NYT, 10 June 1964, p. 4; Hassan F. Zandy, “Letters to the Times; Picketing Against the Shah,” NYT, 13 June 1964, p. 22. 230 Memorandum of Conversation between Mahmoud Foroughi, Colonel Mohamad-Ali Sobhani, Colonel Nasser Moghaddam, Officer in Charge of Iranian Affairs M. Gordon Tiger, and Keith O. Lynch, “Security Situation During the Shah’s Visit,” 19 June 1964, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign policy Files 1964-66, Box 2331, Folder POL 7 IRAN (1/1/64), RG 59, NA. 59
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AN AUGURY OF REVOLUTION: THE IRANIA
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ABSTRACT The Iranian student moveme
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many peop
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DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated
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CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION AND HISTOR
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a blank check to purchase any non-n
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and collective confrontation of ill
Page 15 and 16: The Iranian intelligentsia that bec
Page 17 and 18: man.” 20 More and more Iranians h
Page 19 and 20: developments took place during the
Page 21 and 22: 7,610 students. 39 James Bill ackno
Page 23 and 24: the potential to provide an alterna
Page 25 and 26: ole that the United States was assu
Page 27 and 28: and Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini ret
Page 29 and 30: Mosaddeq was soft on communism, res
Page 31 and 32: decade. Inequality, imperialism, co
Page 33 and 34: Iranian Students.” 77 Fereydoun H
Page 35 and 36: visit he made from the early 1960s
Page 37 and 38: Iranian general recalled that when
Page 39 and 40: epresented a wide variety of politi
Page 41 and 42: Iranian student protests in the ear
Page 43 and 44: government. 114 Information from th
Page 45 and 46: “Their message was clear: Don’t
Page 47 and 48: on six issues. Land reform was one
Page 49 and 50: Roosevelt of California. 143 Faribo
Page 51 and 52: a group of picketing Iranian studen
Page 53 and 54: progressive-mindedness that charact
Page 55 and 56: embarrassing to the United States G
Page 57 and 58: Throughout Kennedy’s presidency,
Page 59 and 60: of an impossible leader - - by enli
Page 61 and 62: The shah saw Iranian students abroa
Page 63 and 64: people. Show the Shah that you cond
Page 65: warned the Iranian students that th
Page 69 and 70: people whether they were themselves
Page 71 and 72: unprecedented, with the exception o
Page 73 and 74: ecause they were active members and
Page 75 and 76: youth organizations such as the Fre
Page 77 and 78: approchement with the Soviet Union
Page 79 and 80: Iranian students in the United Stat
Page 81 and 82: condemnation of American imperialis
Page 83 and 84: quarterly publication of the ISAUS,
Page 85 and 86: States. When Bunting asked if the g
Page 87 and 88: the police used four water cannons
Page 89 and 90: With the trip postponed, the briefi
Page 91 and 92: diplomats in Tehran noted that they
Page 93 and 94: the modernization of education thre
Page 95 and 96: The shah made his last visit to the
Page 97 and 98: intimately involved in the U.S. cou
Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER IV - THE RADICALIZATION OF
Page 101 and 102: and networking with western student
Page 103 and 104: Marxists had taken place.” 393 Fo
Page 105 and 106: Demonstrations occurred in Iran tha
Page 107 and 108: agents in the Iranian Embassy in Wa
Page 109 and 110: student movement abroad was by far
Page 111 and 112: The group ended up receiving cots f
Page 113 and 114: were the result of high unemploymen
Page 115 and 116: egan to give the wrong people hairc
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opportunities for the CIS and well-
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with a group of Iranian students fr
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same day the lavish ceremonies were
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For the rest of the shah’s rule,
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question the nature of American inv
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over.” 499 As a result of a possi
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Even though Jimmy Carter used human
Page 131 and 132:
augury stretched far beyond that on
Page 133 and 134:
percent were inspired by communism.
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etaliatory response to the hostages
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did not desire the establishment of
Page 139 and 140:
further radicalized the opposition.
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Douglas, William O. The Court Years
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Sick, Gary. All Fall Down: America
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Demonstrate: Tuesday, Sept. 1st, 4:
Page 147 and 148:
SECONDARY SOURCES Abrahamian, Ervan
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Dixon, David and Shirin Hakimzadeh.
Page 151 and 152:
Heineman, Kenneth J. Campus Wars: T
Page 153 and 154:
McAlister, Melani. Epic Encounters:
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Von Dirke, Sabine. “All Power to
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(above) Figure 3. Ali Mohammad Fate
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(above) Figure 8. Heading of demons
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(above) Figure 12. Masked Iranian s
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(below) Figure16. Front page of ISA
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(left) Figure 19. The battle lines
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AN AUGURY OF REVOLUTION: THE IRANIAN STUDENT ...

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