AN AUGURY OF REVOLUTION: THE IRANIAN STUDENT ...

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to Silence the Students.” 267 The Economist reported that while Iran’s internal opposition had been silenced, it was “a lot harder for the government to silence the buzzing of the wellorganised [sic] and well-heeled student groups outside the country,” and that the trial was “plainly being used to try to shut up other students.” 268 In the wake of the assassination attempt the shah became “anxious that steps be taken to curb anti-regime activities by Iranian students, including those in the United States.” 269 American officials assured the shah that the U.S. government kept “dissident Iranian students under close scrutiny” and were “mindful of a desirability of regulating their activities and dealing properly with their visa status to the extent this can be done without adverse publicity.” 270 However, the protests in the United States and Europe did gain publicity. Iranian students demanded an open trial in Iran and showed their solidarity with the alleged conspirators. A 72-hour hunger strike was active in Italy from 24 October through 26 October by members of the Federation of Iranian Students in Italy. 271 Sixteen Iranian students participated in a hunger strike in Vienna that began on 26 October and ended on 28 October and took place in the offices of the Austria Union of Socialist Secondary School Students. They were endorsed by Austrian 267 CIS, Was it a Plot to Kill the Shah or is it a Conspiracy to Silence the Students 268 “Slapping Students,” The Economist, 23 October 1965, seen in CIS, Documents on the Pahlavi Reign of Terror in Iran, 74-5. 269 American Embassy in Tehran to Department of State, “Shah’s Concern Re Iranian Students in the U.S.,” 6 May 1965, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files 1964-66, Box 397, IR<strong>AN</strong> FOLDER, RG 59, NA. 270 Briefing Memorandum from John D. Jernegan to Governor Harriman, “Your Meeting with the Shah of Iran, Tuesday, May 18, 1965,” 17 May 1965, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files 1964-66, Box 2333, Folder POL 15-1 (5-1-65), RG 59, NA. 271 Airgram form American Embassy in Rome to the Department of State, “Iranian Student Demonstration and Hunger Strike, 2 December 1965, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files 1964- 66, Box 2333, Folder POL 15-1 IR<strong>AN</strong> (9/1/65), RG 59, NA. 66
youth organizations such as the Free Austrian Youth and the Association of Democratic Students. 272 Protests also occurred in the United States. Thirty Iranian students took part in the protest in front of the Iranian Embassy. 273 While these protests continued, Iranian students deepened their ties with protest movements in the United States and by the mid-1960s they began to see themselves as part of a larger struggle. In defense of those arrested in connection with the assassination attempt, the ISAUS said that the only crime of those arrested was that they were leaders in the CISNU. They also said that “They weren’t members of Berkley’s FSM, though they would like to have been. They weren’t demonstrating in Selma or attending teachins in Washington, although they would have had they been here.” 274 While cooperation between Iranian students and other student organizations in the United States and Western Europe increased, the political ideologies of Iranian students abroad became increasingly influenced by leftist ideology. The CISNU began to adopt slogans such as “White Revolution is a Lie; Red Revolution is a Must.” 275 The radicalization of the CISNU was caused by both domestic and international factors. Domestically, the Shah had completely eliminated of all forms of opposition following June 1963, including student movements inside Iran. 276 The elimination of all political opposition made the cause of the students abroad even more severe. Abroad, there were numerous wars of national liberation, along with different alternatives to 272 Airgram from American Embassy in Vienna to the Department of State, “Iranian Student Demonstrations in Vienna,” 23 November 1965, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files 1964-66, Box 2334, (Folder title ripped off), RG 59, NA. 273 Telegram from the Department of State to the American Embassy in Tehran, 24 November 1965, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files 1964-66, Box 2334, (Folder name ripped off), RG 59, NA; Telegram from the Department of State to the American Embassy in Tehran, 26 November 1965, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files 1964-66, Box 2334, (Folder name ripped off), RG 59, NA. 274 ISAUS, “Don’t Let Familiarity Breed Indifference! Six More Students have been Jailed,” publication of the Southern California Chapter of the ISAUS printed in ISAUS, Iran in Turmoil, 48. 275 CISNU, Iranian Peoples’ Movement, 1953-1973, Iran Report, no. 2, June 1974, 31-2. 276 CIS, Was it a Plot to Kill the Shah or is it a Conspiracy to Silence the Students, 8. 67
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AN AUGURY OF REVOLUTION: THE IRANIA
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ABSTRACT The Iranian student moveme
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many peop
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DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated
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CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION AND HISTOR
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a blank check to purchase any non-n
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and collective confrontation of ill
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The Iranian intelligentsia that bec
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man.” 20 More and more Iranians h
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developments took place during the
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7,610 students. 39 James Bill ackno
Page 23 and 24: the potential to provide an alterna
Page 25 and 26: ole that the United States was assu
Page 27 and 28: and Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini ret
Page 29 and 30: Mosaddeq was soft on communism, res
Page 31 and 32: decade. Inequality, imperialism, co
Page 33 and 34: Iranian Students.” 77 Fereydoun H
Page 35 and 36: visit he made from the early 1960s
Page 37 and 38: Iranian general recalled that when
Page 39 and 40: epresented a wide variety of politi
Page 41 and 42: Iranian student protests in the ear
Page 43 and 44: government. 114 Information from th
Page 45 and 46: “Their message was clear: Don’t
Page 47 and 48: on six issues. Land reform was one
Page 49 and 50: Roosevelt of California. 143 Faribo
Page 51 and 52: a group of picketing Iranian studen
Page 53 and 54: progressive-mindedness that charact
Page 55 and 56: embarrassing to the United States G
Page 57 and 58: Throughout Kennedy’s presidency,
Page 59 and 60: of an impossible leader - - by enli
Page 61 and 62: The shah saw Iranian students abroa
Page 63 and 64: people. Show the Shah that you cond
Page 65 and 66: warned the Iranian students that th
Page 67 and 68: Iranian students under warning from
Page 69 and 70: people whether they were themselves
Page 71 and 72: unprecedented, with the exception o
Page 73: ecause they were active members and
Page 77 and 78: approchement with the Soviet Union
Page 79 and 80: Iranian students in the United Stat
Page 81 and 82: condemnation of American imperialis
Page 83 and 84: quarterly publication of the ISAUS,
Page 85 and 86: States. When Bunting asked if the g
Page 87 and 88: the police used four water cannons
Page 89 and 90: With the trip postponed, the briefi
Page 91 and 92: diplomats in Tehran noted that they
Page 93 and 94: the modernization of education thre
Page 95 and 96: The shah made his last visit to the
Page 97 and 98: intimately involved in the U.S. cou
Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER IV - THE RADICALIZATION OF
Page 101 and 102: and networking with western student
Page 103 and 104: Marxists had taken place.” 393 Fo
Page 105 and 106: Demonstrations occurred in Iran tha
Page 107 and 108: agents in the Iranian Embassy in Wa
Page 109 and 110: student movement abroad was by far
Page 111 and 112: The group ended up receiving cots f
Page 113 and 114: were the result of high unemploymen
Page 115 and 116: egan to give the wrong people hairc
Page 117 and 118: opportunities for the CIS and well-
Page 119 and 120: with a group of Iranian students fr
Page 121 and 122: same day the lavish ceremonies were
Page 123 and 124: For the rest of the shah’s rule,
Page 125 and 126:
question the nature of American inv
Page 127 and 128:
over.” 499 As a result of a possi
Page 129 and 130:
Even though Jimmy Carter used human
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augury stretched far beyond that on
Page 133 and 134:
percent were inspired by communism.
Page 135 and 136:
etaliatory response to the hostages
Page 137 and 138:
did not desire the establishment of
Page 139 and 140:
further radicalized the opposition.
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Douglas, William O. The Court Years
Page 143 and 144:
Sick, Gary. All Fall Down: America
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Demonstrate: Tuesday, Sept. 1st, 4:
Page 147 and 148:
SECONDARY SOURCES Abrahamian, Ervan
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Dixon, David and Shirin Hakimzadeh.
Page 151 and 152:
Heineman, Kenneth J. Campus Wars: T
Page 153 and 154:
McAlister, Melani. Epic Encounters:
Page 155 and 156:
Von Dirke, Sabine. “All Power to
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(above) Figure 3. Ali Mohammad Fate
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(above) Figure 8. Heading of demons
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(above) Figure 12. Masked Iranian s
Page 163 and 164:
(below) Figure16. Front page of ISA
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(left) Figure 19. The battle lines
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