AN AUGURY OF REVOLUTION: THE IRANIAN STUDENT ...

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ealize that the results they desired could only be achieved through revolution, and also “drove the masses even closer to the open arms of the revolutionary struggle.” 311 While the shah consistently voiced his belief that the U.S. government assisted antiregime students in the United States, the radical magazine Ramparts published an article entitled, “How the CIA turns Foreign Students into Traitors.” 312 It broke the story that the AMFE was a front organization for the CIA. While it was not initially established as a front organization, it became one by 1960. The transformation happened when Edward W. Overton, a little-known federal bureaucrat, became vice president of the organization. 313 After Overton’s arrival, the CIA provided the organization with more than 90 percent of its income. Most of this money went to the AFME’s department of student affairs. One of the main goals of the organization was to create pro-American and pro-shah sentiment among Iranian students. 314 The editors of Ramparts showed that the AFME continued to fund the Afghanistan Students Association (ASA) because some of its members agreed to act as informants for the CIA. However , in the case of the ISAUS, funding was discontinued after the transformation of the group in Ypsilanti in 1960. AFME members still monitored the annual conferences of the ISAUS. In 1963 the group’s former president, Hasan Lebaschi, approached chairman of the AFME Earl Bunting. He asked Bunting if he would be willing to fund projects that were nonpolitical, such as publishing a directory of Iranian students who were studying in the United 311 CISNU, Iranian Peoples’ Movement, 1953-1973, Iran Report, no. 2, June 1974, 15-16. 312 Editors, “How the CIA Turns Foreign Students into Traitors,” Ramparts, 22-24. For other accounts of CIA interaction with foreign students see Sol Stern, “A Short Account of International Student Politics and the Cold War with Particular Reference to the NSA, CIA, etc.” Ramparts, Vol. 5, No. 9 (March 1967), 29-38; and Editors, “How I got in, and why I came out of the Cold.” Ramparts, Vol. 5, No. 10 (April 1967), 17-21. 313 Kermit Roosevelt, the CIA officer in charge of Operation Ajax, was also part of the AFME. 314 Editors, “How the CIA Turns Foreign Students into Traitors,” Ramparts, 22-24. 76
States. When Bunting asked if the group had changed its political position, Lebaschi told him they had not. Bunting responded, "In that case…I’m sorry, we cannot help you.” 315 Ironically, less than one month after the publication, the shah and Prime Minister Amir Abbas Hoveyda expressed their suspicions that the CIA was funding anti-shah students in the United States. Ambassador Armin Meyer told both the shah and Hoveyda that the U.S. government “has no secrets for the whole story has appeared in Ramparts.” 316 The article made it very clear that the CIA cut off funds when the group became openly anti-shah. However, Meyer could not convince the shah and Hoveyda, who referred to an article in a German magazine that charged that the CIA was offering secret support to Iranian students. 317 By the time the Ramparts article was published, the number of adamantly anti-shah Iranian students in the United States had grown from the 25 “hardcore” students in 1963 to several hundred who were “ardently and volubly opposed to the Shah” and who worked “principally through the Iranian Students Association.” 318 The ISAUS believed that it was their “task to wage coordinated political struggle against the Shah’s regime and imperialism,” and that “Iranian students abroad are a part of the Iranian people and therefore have to uphold the aspirations of the broad masses of Iranian people.” 319 In order to do this, the ISAUS held many demonstrations and began publicizing human rights abuses in Iran throughout the Western 315 Editors, “How the CIA Turns Foreign Students into Traitors,” Ramparts, 22-24. 316 Telegram from the Embassy in Iran to the Department of State, “CIA and Students,” 13 May 1967, FRUS 1964- 1968, Vol. XXII, 365. 317 AE Tehran to DOS, “CIA and Students,” 13 May 1967, FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXII, 365. 318 Background Paper Prepared in the Department of State, “Visit of the Shah of Iran August 22-24, 1967, Anti-Shah Activities in the U.S.,” 15 August 1967, FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXII, 407; Talbot to Rusk, “Agitational Activities of Anti-Shah Iranian Students in the United States,” 5 October 1963, FRUS 1961-1963, Vol. XVIII, 723. 319 ISAUS, Condemn Shah’s U.S. Visit (Berkeley, California: ISAUS, 1977), 5. 77
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AN AUGURY OF REVOLUTION: THE IRANIA
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ABSTRACT The Iranian student moveme
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many peop
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DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated
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CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION AND HISTOR
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a blank check to purchase any non-n
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and collective confrontation of ill
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The Iranian intelligentsia that bec
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man.” 20 More and more Iranians h
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developments took place during the
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7,610 students. 39 James Bill ackno
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the potential to provide an alterna
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ole that the United States was assu
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and Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini ret
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Mosaddeq was soft on communism, res
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decade. Inequality, imperialism, co
Page 33 and 34: Iranian Students.” 77 Fereydoun H
Page 35 and 36: visit he made from the early 1960s
Page 37 and 38: Iranian general recalled that when
Page 39 and 40: epresented a wide variety of politi
Page 41 and 42: Iranian student protests in the ear
Page 43 and 44: government. 114 Information from th
Page 45 and 46: “Their message was clear: Don’t
Page 47 and 48: on six issues. Land reform was one
Page 49 and 50: Roosevelt of California. 143 Faribo
Page 51 and 52: a group of picketing Iranian studen
Page 53 and 54: progressive-mindedness that charact
Page 55 and 56: embarrassing to the United States G
Page 57 and 58: Throughout Kennedy’s presidency,
Page 59 and 60: of an impossible leader - - by enli
Page 61 and 62: The shah saw Iranian students abroa
Page 63 and 64: people. Show the Shah that you cond
Page 65 and 66: warned the Iranian students that th
Page 67 and 68: Iranian students under warning from
Page 69 and 70: people whether they were themselves
Page 71 and 72: unprecedented, with the exception o
Page 73 and 74: ecause they were active members and
Page 75 and 76: youth organizations such as the Fre
Page 77 and 78: approchement with the Soviet Union
Page 79 and 80: Iranian students in the United Stat
Page 81 and 82: condemnation of American imperialis
Page 83: quarterly publication of the ISAUS,
Page 87 and 88: the police used four water cannons
Page 89 and 90: With the trip postponed, the briefi
Page 91 and 92: diplomats in Tehran noted that they
Page 93 and 94: the modernization of education thre
Page 95 and 96: The shah made his last visit to the
Page 97 and 98: intimately involved in the U.S. cou
Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER IV - THE RADICALIZATION OF
Page 101 and 102: and networking with western student
Page 103 and 104: Marxists had taken place.” 393 Fo
Page 105 and 106: Demonstrations occurred in Iran tha
Page 107 and 108: agents in the Iranian Embassy in Wa
Page 109 and 110: student movement abroad was by far
Page 111 and 112: The group ended up receiving cots f
Page 113 and 114: were the result of high unemploymen
Page 115 and 116: egan to give the wrong people hairc
Page 117 and 118: opportunities for the CIS and well-
Page 119 and 120: with a group of Iranian students fr
Page 121 and 122: same day the lavish ceremonies were
Page 123 and 124: For the rest of the shah’s rule,
Page 125 and 126: question the nature of American inv
Page 127 and 128: over.” 499 As a result of a possi
Page 129 and 130: Even though Jimmy Carter used human
Page 131 and 132: augury stretched far beyond that on
Page 133 and 134: percent were inspired by communism.
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etaliatory response to the hostages
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did not desire the establishment of
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further radicalized the opposition.
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Douglas, William O. The Court Years
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Sick, Gary. All Fall Down: America
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Demonstrate: Tuesday, Sept. 1st, 4:
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SECONDARY SOURCES Abrahamian, Ervan
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Dixon, David and Shirin Hakimzadeh.
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Heineman, Kenneth J. Campus Wars: T
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McAlister, Melani. Epic Encounters:
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Von Dirke, Sabine. “All Power to
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(above) Figure 3. Ali Mohammad Fate
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(above) Figure 8. Heading of demons
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(above) Figure 12. Masked Iranian s
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(below) Figure16. Front page of ISA
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(left) Figure 19. The battle lines
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AN AUGURY OF REVOLUTION: THE IRANIAN STUDENT ...

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