AN AUGURY OF REVOLUTION: THE IRANIAN STUDENT ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

much autonomy, but the CISNU served as an umbrella organization for all groups. 119 This provided Iranian students across the globe a single organization that enabled them to be highly organized, vocal, and effective in protesting the shah’s regime. In 1962, the group was dominated by members of the National Front. 120 However, while discussing the content of Iranian student publications, Donald Wilber, a major CIA operative who was involved in Operation Ajax, observed that the organizations were much more critical of the shah and his government than were leaders of the National Front. 121 While Iranian students were active abroad, protests also began to emerge at home. In January 1962 protests occurred in Iran that resulted in the arrest of three high school students. The CISNU stated that “This demonstration was very important, for it was the first time since 16 th of Azar, nine years earlier, that the students had taken such actions.” 122 On 21 January 1962, two dozen Iranian students picketed the United Nations to defend those arrested in Iran. 123 A protest on 26 January 1962 brought Iranian students “to the heart of the American capital, in the center of its powerful government.” 124 When the small but vocal group of Iranian students at Georgetown University heard that Robert Kennedy planned to stop in Iran during a month long good will tour that was to begin in February 1962, 60 of the students, including Fatemi and Qotbzadeh, gathered outside the office of the attorney general. Robert Kennedy told the students to come up to his office and plead their case. Fatemi and his colleagues elaborated upon the poor economic situation, government censorship, political repression, and SAVAK. 119 For example, the CISNU would serve as a federal government, the ISAUS as a state government, and local branches of the ISAUS would be state or city governments. 120 Matin-asgari, Iranian Student Opposition to the Shah, 49-51. 121 Wilber, Contemporary Iran, 154. Wilber authored the official CIA account of operation Ajax, refer to “CIA Clandestine Service History, Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran, November 1952-August 1953,” National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No 28, ed. Malcolm Byrne, November 29, 2000. 122 CISNU, Iranian Peoples’ Movement, 1953-1973, Iran Report, no. 2, June 1974, 8. 123 “Iranian Students Picket U.N.,” NYT, 22 January 1962, p. 5. 124 Jerome, The Man in the Mirror, 58; the meeting is also discussed in Matin-asgari, Iranian Student Opposition to the Shah, 57. 36
“Their message was clear: Don’t go to Iran. Don’t give your stamp of approval to the regime anymore.” 125 Robert Kennedy compromised with the students and said that he would only go to Iran if he could meet with opposition university students in Iran. This change was not approved by the State Department, and as a result, Iran was removed from the itinerary. In a later discussion Robert Kennedy said that it “caused a major fuss in the State Department.” 126 Robert Kennedy’s cancellation of his stop in Iran caused a major problem with the shah. Ardeshir Zahedi recounted the event a decade later in 1971 in a grievance to U.S. Ambassador Douglas MacArthur II. He complained that Robert Kennedy not only met with a group of antishah Iranian students but encouraged their behavior and gave them all ball-point pens with President Kennedy’s name inscribed on them. 127 After the meeting, Qotbzadeh had great respect for the attorney general. Even though Qotbzadeh had many deep-rooted objections to many of the policies of the Kennedy administration, he maintained his respect for Robert Kennedy. 128 Members of the Iran Task Force suggested in September 1961 that the United States might “attempt to influence Iranian students and teachers through influencing international student and teacher groups with U.S. components.” 129 Robert Kennedy tried to influence them by listening to their concerns. While Robert Kennedy did not visit Iran in February 1962, the shah visited the United States in April. The shah attended many events, including a state dinner at the United Nations where thirty-five members of the CISNU picketed the building while chanting “Long live 125 Jerome, The Man in the Mirror, 58-9. 126 Edwin O. Guthman and Jeffrey Shulman, eds., Robert Kennedy in his Own Words: The Unpublished Recollections of the Kennedy Years (Bantam Books, 1988), 317. 127 Telegram 3146 from the Embassy in Iran to the Department of State, “Charges by Former Iranian Student Daryani that US Intelligence Agencies Working Against Iran,” 14 June 1971, 1517Z, FRUS 1969-1976, Vol. E-4, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/ (accessed on 26 February 2008). 128 Jerome, The Man in the Mirror, 59. 129 Summary of Proceedings of a Meeting of the Iran Task Force, 7 September 1961, FRUS 1961-1963, Vol. XVII, 251. 37
Page 1 and 2: AN AUGURY OF REVOLUTION: THE IRANIA
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT The Iranian student moveme
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many peop
Page 7 and 8: DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION AND HISTOR
Page 11 and 12: a blank check to purchase any non-n
Page 13 and 14: and collective confrontation of ill
Page 15 and 16: The Iranian intelligentsia that bec
Page 17 and 18: man.” 20 More and more Iranians h
Page 19 and 20: developments took place during the
Page 21 and 22: 7,610 students. 39 James Bill ackno
Page 23 and 24: the potential to provide an alterna
Page 25 and 26: ole that the United States was assu
Page 27 and 28: and Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini ret
Page 29 and 30: Mosaddeq was soft on communism, res
Page 31 and 32: decade. Inequality, imperialism, co
Page 33 and 34: Iranian Students.” 77 Fereydoun H
Page 35 and 36: visit he made from the early 1960s
Page 37 and 38: Iranian general recalled that when
Page 39 and 40: epresented a wide variety of politi
Page 41 and 42: Iranian student protests in the ear
Page 43: government. 114 Information from th
Page 47 and 48: on six issues. Land reform was one
Page 49 and 50: Roosevelt of California. 143 Faribo
Page 51 and 52: a group of picketing Iranian studen
Page 53 and 54: progressive-mindedness that charact
Page 55 and 56: embarrassing to the United States G
Page 57 and 58: Throughout Kennedy’s presidency,
Page 59 and 60: of an impossible leader - - by enli
Page 61 and 62: The shah saw Iranian students abroa
Page 63 and 64: people. Show the Shah that you cond
Page 65 and 66: warned the Iranian students that th
Page 67 and 68: Iranian students under warning from
Page 69 and 70: people whether they were themselves
Page 71 and 72: unprecedented, with the exception o
Page 73 and 74: ecause they were active members and
Page 75 and 76: youth organizations such as the Fre
Page 77 and 78: approchement with the Soviet Union
Page 79 and 80: Iranian students in the United Stat
Page 81 and 82: condemnation of American imperialis
Page 83 and 84: quarterly publication of the ISAUS,
Page 85 and 86: States. When Bunting asked if the g
Page 87 and 88: the police used four water cannons
Page 89 and 90: With the trip postponed, the briefi
Page 91 and 92: diplomats in Tehran noted that they
Page 93 and 94: the modernization of education thre
Page 95 and 96:
The shah made his last visit to the
Page 97 and 98:
intimately involved in the U.S. cou
Page 99 and 100:
CHAPTER IV - THE RADICALIZATION OF
Page 101 and 102:
and networking with western student
Page 103 and 104:
Marxists had taken place.” 393 Fo
Page 105 and 106:
Demonstrations occurred in Iran tha
Page 107 and 108:
agents in the Iranian Embassy in Wa
Page 109 and 110:
student movement abroad was by far
Page 111 and 112:
The group ended up receiving cots f
Page 113 and 114:
were the result of high unemploymen
Page 115 and 116:
egan to give the wrong people hairc
Page 117 and 118:
opportunities for the CIS and well-
Page 119 and 120:
with a group of Iranian students fr
Page 121 and 122:
same day the lavish ceremonies were
Page 123 and 124:
For the rest of the shah’s rule,
Page 125 and 126:
question the nature of American inv
Page 127 and 128:
over.” 499 As a result of a possi
Page 129 and 130:
Even though Jimmy Carter used human
Page 131 and 132:
augury stretched far beyond that on
Page 133 and 134:
percent were inspired by communism.
Page 135 and 136:
etaliatory response to the hostages
Page 137 and 138:
did not desire the establishment of
Page 139 and 140:
further radicalized the opposition.
Page 141 and 142:
Douglas, William O. The Court Years
Page 143 and 144:
Sick, Gary. All Fall Down: America
Page 145 and 146:
Demonstrate: Tuesday, Sept. 1st, 4:
Page 147 and 148:
SECONDARY SOURCES Abrahamian, Ervan
Page 149 and 150:
Dixon, David and Shirin Hakimzadeh.
Page 151 and 152:
Heineman, Kenneth J. Campus Wars: T
Page 153 and 154:
McAlister, Melani. Epic Encounters:
Page 155 and 156:
Von Dirke, Sabine. “All Power to
Page 157 and 158:
(above) Figure 3. Ali Mohammad Fate
Page 159 and 160:
(above) Figure 8. Heading of demons
Page 161 and 162:
(above) Figure 12. Masked Iranian s
Page 163 and 164:
(below) Figure16. Front page of ISA
Page 165:
(left) Figure 19. The battle lines
show all

AN AUGURY OF REVOLUTION: THE IRANIAN STUDENT ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?