AN AUGURY OF REVOLUTION: THE IRANIAN STUDENT ...

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in the United States were Communist inspired. 360 However, while recalling Iranian student demonstrations in the United States just before his death in 1980, the shah genuinely believed that the oil companies and the CIA were involved in “fomenting and financing” the activities of Iranian students in the U.S and that “This effort acquired a professional polish over the years that students could not have achieved on their own.” 361 One must conclude that the shah temporarily scaled back his suspicions from the early and mid 1960s because he was beginning to receive the large amounts of sophisticated American military hardware that he had always desired. However, student unrest was still a concern to both the American and Iranian governments. By 1968 the British withdrawal from the Persian Gulf was definite, and Washington had a great interest in maintaining the shah’s cooperation with other Middle Eastern nations to prevent an increase in the Soviet or radical Arab presence in the region. 362 However, the relationship between Tehran and Washington became temporarily uncertain when Johnson announced on 31 March 1968 that he would not seek re-election. 363 The amount of support that the shah received from Washington very much depended on personal relationships at the highest level. With men such as Robert Kennedy running for president in 1968, the relationship between the United States and the shah could have shifted. Therefore, the shah had a “feeling of great sorrow and sadness of learning of the President’s decision to not seek re-election.” 364 360 Telegram form the Embassy in Iran to the Department of State, “Shah’s Preoccupations,” 14 March 1968, FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXII, 481. 361 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Answer to History (New York: Stein and Day Publishers, 1980), 146. 362 Memorandum from the President’s Special Assistant (Rostow) to President Johnson, “Appointment for the Shah of Iran,” 6 March 1968, FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXII, 476. 363 “The President’s Address to the Nation Announcing Steps To Limit the War in Vietnam and Reporting His Decision Not To Seek Reelection,” 31 March 1968, The Public Papers of Lyndon B. Johnson, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/ (accessed on 14 July 2008). 364 Telegram from the Department of State to the American Embassy in Tehran, 3 April 1968, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files 1967-1969, Box 2216, Folder POL 7 IR<strong>AN</strong> (1/1/68), RG 59, NA. 86
The shah made his last visit to the United States with Lyndon Johnson as president in June 1968. During the trip he went to Harvard University where he gave the commencement speech and received an honorary degree. 365 Similar to the UCLA ceremony four years earlier, there was concern over his security. Iranian Ambassador to the United States, Hushang Ansary, was particularly concerned about the shah’s personal safety. 366 The Minister to the Court of the Shah, Amir Asadullah Alam, was worried because a left-leaning Persian daily, Peigham-Emruz, ran a story that criticized the shah’s visit to the campus. 367 A group of student protesters gathered at the ceremony, and their impact that the demonstrators had was disputed by the State Department and the shah’s government. The State Department concluded that the ceremony went well. 368 However, SAVAK chief Rafizadeh was reprimanded by the shah for his lack of ability to control the students. The shah scolded Rafizadeh and said “You are not doing a good job here,” “They lowered our esteem. It was very bad today.” “There must be an end to these barbarians. You have to buy some of them and get rid of the rest. How many times have we said that” 369 Harvard was not the only location that Iranian students confronted the shah during the August 1967 visit. The shah was greeted by 100 student protesters upon his arrival at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City. He then went to Washington where two or three students with unknown intentions were found loitering outside Blair House just before the shah 365 Text of the Shah’s speech at Harvard, Ali Pasha Saleh, Cultural Ties Between Iran and the United States, 331-42. 366 Telegram from the Embassy in Iran to the Department of State, “Shah’s Visit,” 29 May 1968, FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXII, 518. 367 AE Iran to DOS, “Shah’s Visit,” 29 May 1968, FRUS 1964-1968, Vol. XXII, 518. 368 Telegram from the Department of State to the American Embassy in Tehran, 14 June 1968, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files 1967-1969, Box 2215, Folder POL 7 IR<strong>AN</strong> (6/1/68), RG 59, NA. 369 Rafizadeh, Witness, 155. 87
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AN AUGURY OF REVOLUTION: THE IRANIA
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ABSTRACT The Iranian student moveme
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many peop
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DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated
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CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION AND HISTOR
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a blank check to purchase any non-n
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and collective confrontation of ill
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The Iranian intelligentsia that bec
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man.” 20 More and more Iranians h
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developments took place during the
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7,610 students. 39 James Bill ackno
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the potential to provide an alterna
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ole that the United States was assu
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and Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini ret
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Mosaddeq was soft on communism, res
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decade. Inequality, imperialism, co
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Iranian Students.” 77 Fereydoun H
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visit he made from the early 1960s
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Iranian general recalled that when
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epresented a wide variety of politi
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Iranian student protests in the ear
Page 43 and 44: government. 114 Information from th
Page 45 and 46: “Their message was clear: Don’t
Page 47 and 48: on six issues. Land reform was one
Page 49 and 50: Roosevelt of California. 143 Faribo
Page 51 and 52: a group of picketing Iranian studen
Page 53 and 54: progressive-mindedness that charact
Page 55 and 56: embarrassing to the United States G
Page 57 and 58: Throughout Kennedy’s presidency,
Page 59 and 60: of an impossible leader - - by enli
Page 61 and 62: The shah saw Iranian students abroa
Page 63 and 64: people. Show the Shah that you cond
Page 65 and 66: warned the Iranian students that th
Page 67 and 68: Iranian students under warning from
Page 69 and 70: people whether they were themselves
Page 71 and 72: unprecedented, with the exception o
Page 73 and 74: ecause they were active members and
Page 75 and 76: youth organizations such as the Fre
Page 77 and 78: approchement with the Soviet Union
Page 79 and 80: Iranian students in the United Stat
Page 81 and 82: condemnation of American imperialis
Page 83 and 84: quarterly publication of the ISAUS,
Page 85 and 86: States. When Bunting asked if the g
Page 87 and 88: the police used four water cannons
Page 89 and 90: With the trip postponed, the briefi
Page 91 and 92: diplomats in Tehran noted that they
Page 93: the modernization of education thre
Page 97 and 98: intimately involved in the U.S. cou
Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER IV - THE RADICALIZATION OF
Page 101 and 102: and networking with western student
Page 103 and 104: Marxists had taken place.” 393 Fo
Page 105 and 106: Demonstrations occurred in Iran tha
Page 107 and 108: agents in the Iranian Embassy in Wa
Page 109 and 110: student movement abroad was by far
Page 111 and 112: The group ended up receiving cots f
Page 113 and 114: were the result of high unemploymen
Page 115 and 116: egan to give the wrong people hairc
Page 117 and 118: opportunities for the CIS and well-
Page 119 and 120: with a group of Iranian students fr
Page 121 and 122: same day the lavish ceremonies were
Page 123 and 124: For the rest of the shah’s rule,
Page 125 and 126: question the nature of American inv
Page 127 and 128: over.” 499 As a result of a possi
Page 129 and 130: Even though Jimmy Carter used human
Page 131 and 132: augury stretched far beyond that on
Page 133 and 134: percent were inspired by communism.
Page 135 and 136: etaliatory response to the hostages
Page 137 and 138: did not desire the establishment of
Page 139 and 140: further radicalized the opposition.
Page 141 and 142: Douglas, William O. The Court Years
Page 143 and 144: Sick, Gary. All Fall Down: America
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Demonstrate: Tuesday, Sept. 1st, 4:
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SECONDARY SOURCES Abrahamian, Ervan
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Dixon, David and Shirin Hakimzadeh.
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Heineman, Kenneth J. Campus Wars: T
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McAlister, Melani. Epic Encounters:
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Von Dirke, Sabine. “All Power to
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(above) Figure 3. Ali Mohammad Fate
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(above) Figure 8. Heading of demons
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(above) Figure 12. Masked Iranian s
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(below) Figure16. Front page of ISA
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(left) Figure 19. The battle lines
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AN AUGURY OF REVOLUTION: THE IRANIAN STUDENT ...

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