AN AUGURY OF REVOLUTION: THE IRANIAN STUDENT ...

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attendance of Princess Ashraf at the twenty-fifth anniversary of the founding of the United Nations. She was ironically the head of the Human Rights Commission. A struggle ensued between Iranian students and the San Francisco police. The students were all arrested, and as a result, the consulate refused to renew their passports. Accordingly, the ISAUS embarked on a nationwide campaign in their support. 431 Fereydoun Safizadeh, who is now a university professor, remembered the protest: “Outside Iran, it was on the Berkeley campus for the first time that I saw active student opposition to the Pahlavi rule in Iran in the summer of 1970. I saw students fundraising to get fellow students out of a San Francisco prison for attacking the Iranian consulate.” 432 Protests continued throughout the Western Europe in defense of the bus strike and the arrests in San Francisco. Iranian students in Great Britain had been politically active ever since five of their comrades were arrested after returning to Iran in 1965, and they held numerous demonstrations in early July, protesting in front of the American and Iranian embassies on 12 July. These demonstrations continued throughout the summer of 1970 and included a hunger strike in August. 433 In August 1970 a situation that involved Iranian students in Germany created some tension between the shah and the United States. The CIS held a meeting in Darmstadt from 31 July to 1 August. Four hundred students attended and the primary reason for the meeting was to organize themselves in opposition to the political conditions in Iran. The meeting took place at Darmstadt Technical College where the group held its meeting and spent the night. The students were in need of a place to sleep, so they asked a Germany military installation for assistance. 431 ISAUS, Defend the 41; ISAUS, Iran’s Kent State and Baton Rouge, (Berkeley, California: ISAUS, 1973), 6-7. 432 Sullivan, “Interview with Fereydoun Safizadeh” in Exiled Memories: Stories of Iranian Diaspora, 96. 433 Article from Morning Star, 5 June 1970 and article from Morning Star, 11 August 1970 in CIS, both in Documents on the Pahlavi Reign of Terror in Iran, 190-3, 196. 102
The group ended up receiving cots from a U.S. Evacuation Hospital with the assistance of Bundeswehr officer Wiesbadener Kurier. 434 Following the meeting, the Iranian Embassy in Bonn reported to Tehran that American and German military authorities aided Iranian students. Shortly after, Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Khalatbari called U.S. Ambassador Douglas MacArthur II to express his concern over the incident. 435 While discussing the meeting of Iranian students in Germany, Khalatbari indicated “great GOI sensitivity to activities of Iranian leftist students abroad.” 436 Shortly following the event, a string of protests broke out in Germany. On 4 August about 300 Iranian students staged a protest, and a day later group of about 50 occupied the Iranian Consulate General in Munich. 437 Later that year, on 19 October, the Iranian government withdrew its ambassador to West Germany, closed its consulate general in Berlin, and reduced its diplomatic and consular staffs throughout the rest of the country. The Iranian government also forbade Iranian students from attending German universities. These orders were the result of the “failure of the present government to crack down on left-wing students here who have been demonstrating against the shah,” along with their protests and occupation of Iranian consulate generals that had been occurring since 1967. 438 434 Telegram from American Embassy in Bonn to American Embassy in Tehran, “Iranian Student Meeting,” 4 August 1970, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files 1970-1973, Box 2378, Folder POL 12 IRAN (1/1/70), RG 59, NA. 435 Telegram from American Embassy in Tehran to American Embassy in Bonn, 2 August 1970, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files 1970-1973, Box 2378, Folder POL 12 IRAN (1/1/70), RG 59, NA; Telegram from American Embassy in Bonn to American Embassy in Tehran, “Iranian Student Meeting,” 5 August 1970, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files 1970-1973, Box 2378, Folder POL 12 IRAN (1/1/70), RG 59, NA. 436 Telegram from American Embassy in Tehran to American Embassy in Bonn, “Iranian Students Meeting in Darmstadt,” 5 August 1970, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files 1970-1973, Box 2378, Folder POL 12 IRAN (1/1/70), RG 59, NA. 437 “Iran protest in Munich,” The Times (of London), 5 August 1970 in CIS, Documents on the Pahlavi Reign of Terror in Iran, 195. 438 Telegram from American Embassy in Bonn to Secretary of State William P. Rogers, “German-Iranian Relations,” 21 October 1970, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files 1970-1973, Box 2378, Folder POL 12 IRAN (1/1/70), RG 59, NA. 103
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AN AUGURY OF REVOLUTION: THE IRANIA
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ABSTRACT The Iranian student moveme
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many peop
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DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated
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CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION AND HISTOR
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a blank check to purchase any non-n
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and collective confrontation of ill
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The Iranian intelligentsia that bec
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man.” 20 More and more Iranians h
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developments took place during the
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7,610 students. 39 James Bill ackno
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the potential to provide an alterna
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ole that the United States was assu
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and Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini ret
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Mosaddeq was soft on communism, res
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decade. Inequality, imperialism, co
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Iranian Students.” 77 Fereydoun H
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visit he made from the early 1960s
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Iranian general recalled that when
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epresented a wide variety of politi
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Iranian student protests in the ear
Page 43 and 44:
government. 114 Information from th
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“Their message was clear: Don’t
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on six issues. Land reform was one
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Roosevelt of California. 143 Faribo
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a group of picketing Iranian studen
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progressive-mindedness that charact
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embarrassing to the United States G
Page 57 and 58:
Throughout Kennedy’s presidency,
Page 59 and 60: of an impossible leader - - by enli
Page 61 and 62: The shah saw Iranian students abroa
Page 63 and 64: people. Show the Shah that you cond
Page 65 and 66: warned the Iranian students that th
Page 67 and 68: Iranian students under warning from
Page 69 and 70: people whether they were themselves
Page 71 and 72: unprecedented, with the exception o
Page 73 and 74: ecause they were active members and
Page 75 and 76: youth organizations such as the Fre
Page 77 and 78: approchement with the Soviet Union
Page 79 and 80: Iranian students in the United Stat
Page 81 and 82: condemnation of American imperialis
Page 83 and 84: quarterly publication of the ISAUS,
Page 85 and 86: States. When Bunting asked if the g
Page 87 and 88: the police used four water cannons
Page 89 and 90: With the trip postponed, the briefi
Page 91 and 92: diplomats in Tehran noted that they
Page 93 and 94: the modernization of education thre
Page 95 and 96: The shah made his last visit to the
Page 97 and 98: intimately involved in the U.S. cou
Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER IV - THE RADICALIZATION OF
Page 101 and 102: and networking with western student
Page 103 and 104: Marxists had taken place.” 393 Fo
Page 105 and 106: Demonstrations occurred in Iran tha
Page 107 and 108: agents in the Iranian Embassy in Wa
Page 109: student movement abroad was by far
Page 113 and 114: were the result of high unemploymen
Page 115 and 116: egan to give the wrong people hairc
Page 117 and 118: opportunities for the CIS and well-
Page 119 and 120: with a group of Iranian students fr
Page 121 and 122: same day the lavish ceremonies were
Page 123 and 124: For the rest of the shah’s rule,
Page 125 and 126: question the nature of American inv
Page 127 and 128: over.” 499 As a result of a possi
Page 129 and 130: Even though Jimmy Carter used human
Page 131 and 132: augury stretched far beyond that on
Page 133 and 134: percent were inspired by communism.
Page 135 and 136: etaliatory response to the hostages
Page 137 and 138: did not desire the establishment of
Page 139 and 140: further radicalized the opposition.
Page 141 and 142: Douglas, William O. The Court Years
Page 143 and 144: Sick, Gary. All Fall Down: America
Page 145 and 146: Demonstrate: Tuesday, Sept. 1st, 4:
Page 147 and 148: SECONDARY SOURCES Abrahamian, Ervan
Page 149 and 150: Dixon, David and Shirin Hakimzadeh.
Page 151 and 152: Heineman, Kenneth J. Campus Wars: T
Page 153 and 154: McAlister, Melani. Epic Encounters:
Page 155 and 156: Von Dirke, Sabine. “All Power to
Page 157 and 158: (above) Figure 3. Ali Mohammad Fate
Page 159 and 160: (above) Figure 8. Heading of demons
Page 161 and 162:
(above) Figure 12. Masked Iranian s
Page 163 and 164:
(below) Figure16. Front page of ISA
Page 165:
(left) Figure 19. The battle lines
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AN AUGURY OF REVOLUTION: THE IRANIAN STUDENT ...

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