AN AUGURY OF REVOLUTION: THE IRANIAN STUDENT ...

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exception of “Youth Houses,” which were infiltrated by the SAVAK and its informants. Any dissenters in Iranian universities were either expelled or drafted into the military. 446 The ISAUS noted that in Iran, “Faculty members, as well as students, are harassed and arrested if they show any kind of sympathy with the resistance movement or object to the crystal clear presence of SAVAK agents in the universities.” 447 These problems in Iran created unrest among its student population, and while Iranian students abroad had been some of the earliest student protesters, students at Iranian universities joined in the global student movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s. The Iranian government was no longer immune to the domestic protests that were prevalent in other nations. An Iranian newspaper said that “If our youth…in sheer imitation of such eccentric Western subcultures as beatniks and blackshirts and Black Panthers would wear their hair long and grow beards and hang donkey beads over strangely fashioned rags,…then they must be led to the right path and saved from such deviation…These manifestations of protest and defiance totally lose their significance and become a pathetic farce when imitated by Iranian youth who have nothing whatsoever to protest against.” 448 However, Iranian students actually had much more to protest than American students. To curb the sense of connection between Iranian youths and their Western counterparts, Chief of National Police General Mohsen Mobasser initiated a law that gave the police the power to “apprehend long-haired youth and give them haircuts.” 449 The law was repealed and Mobasser was replaced by Lieutenant General Jafar Qoli Sadri when police 446 Helms to Kissinger, “Student Unrest Abroad” 2 September 1970, FRUS 1969-1976, Vol. E-4, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/ (accessed on 26 February 2008). 447 ISAUS, On the Violation of Human Rights in Iran, 7. 448 Airgram from America Embassy in Tehran to Department of State, “A Tonsorial Tragedy – The Fall of Iran’s Chief of National Police,” 10 October 1970, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files 1970-1973, Box 2378, Folder POL 15-1 IR<strong>AN</strong> (1/1/70), RG 59, NA. 449 AE Tehran to DOS, “A Tonsorial Tragedy,” 10 October 1970, RG 59, NA. There was also concern in the United States about the popularity of long hair among American youths. Refer to Gael Graham,. “Flaunting the Freak Flag: Karr v. Schmidt and the Great Hair Debate in American High Schools, 1965-1975,” Journal of American History, Vol. 91, No. 2 (September, 2004), 522-43. 106
egan to give the wrong people haircuts. When a prominent Iranian painter who lived in Paris visited Tehran to attend an exhibition of his work sponsored by the Iran-America Society, he was apprehended by police who cut his hair. Also, Sharam, the son of Princess Ashraf was detained and given a haircut. 450 While there were increased security measures at home, the Iranian government also increased their activities abroad. In late 1970 the CIS urged the British government to take action against SAVAK agents operating in Britain. The students and numerous media outlets accused SAVAK of setting the London residence of Ahmad Ghotbi, an Iranian student leader, on fire because he was writing a book that exposed the activities of SAVAK. Ghotbi also received four death threats in a one-week period, one insinuating that his house would be burnt if he attempted to publish his book. 451 Despite SAVAK activities, protests continued in December 1970 in Britain, West Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. 452 SAVAK increased its operations in Europe and the United States. Cooperation between the United States and SAVAK became intimate by the 1970s. In January 1971, SAVAK released the names of 236 Iranian students who were involved in anti-shah activities abroad. Iranian students referred to this as the blacklist, and it contained the names of members of the CISNU, along with students in Italy, Germany, the United States, Turkey, and France. The names of those who led the occupation of Iranian consulates in Munich and San Francisco and the Iranian embassy in Vienna were also included. 453 Iranian students abroad were keenly aware 450 AE Tehran to DOS, “A Tonsorial Tragedy,” 10 October 1970, RG 59, NA. 451 The Morning Star, 10 October 1970 and 10 November 1970, The Tribune, 23 October 1970 in CIS, Documents on the Pahlavi Reign of Terror in Iran, 203-5, 209, 220. 452 “Embassy invaded by students,” The Guardian, 10 December 1970; “Iran students hunger strike,” Morning Star, 11 December 1970; “Students’ hunger strike goes on,” The Observer, 13 December 1970. All found in CIS, Documents on the Pahlavi Reign of Terror in Iran, 223-4. 453 Telegram from American Embassy in Tehran to Secretary of State William P. Rogers, “Dissident Iranian Students,” 5 January 1971, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files 1970-1973, Box 2378, Folder POL 12 IR<strong>AN</strong> (1/1/70), RG 59, NA. 107
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AN AUGURY OF REVOLUTION: THE IRANIA
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ABSTRACT The Iranian student moveme
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many peop
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DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated
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CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION AND HISTOR
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a blank check to purchase any non-n
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and collective confrontation of ill
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The Iranian intelligentsia that bec
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man.” 20 More and more Iranians h
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developments took place during the
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7,610 students. 39 James Bill ackno
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the potential to provide an alterna
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ole that the United States was assu
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and Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini ret
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Mosaddeq was soft on communism, res
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decade. Inequality, imperialism, co
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Iranian Students.” 77 Fereydoun H
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visit he made from the early 1960s
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Iranian general recalled that when
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epresented a wide variety of politi
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Iranian student protests in the ear
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government. 114 Information from th
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“Their message was clear: Don’t
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on six issues. Land reform was one
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Roosevelt of California. 143 Faribo
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a group of picketing Iranian studen
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progressive-mindedness that charact
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embarrassing to the United States G
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Throughout Kennedy’s presidency,
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of an impossible leader - - by enli
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The shah saw Iranian students abroa
Page 63 and 64: people. Show the Shah that you cond
Page 65 and 66: warned the Iranian students that th
Page 67 and 68: Iranian students under warning from
Page 69 and 70: people whether they were themselves
Page 71 and 72: unprecedented, with the exception o
Page 73 and 74: ecause they were active members and
Page 75 and 76: youth organizations such as the Fre
Page 77 and 78: approchement with the Soviet Union
Page 79 and 80: Iranian students in the United Stat
Page 81 and 82: condemnation of American imperialis
Page 83 and 84: quarterly publication of the ISAUS,
Page 85 and 86: States. When Bunting asked if the g
Page 87 and 88: the police used four water cannons
Page 89 and 90: With the trip postponed, the briefi
Page 91 and 92: diplomats in Tehran noted that they
Page 93 and 94: the modernization of education thre
Page 95 and 96: The shah made his last visit to the
Page 97 and 98: intimately involved in the U.S. cou
Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER IV - THE RADICALIZATION OF
Page 101 and 102: and networking with western student
Page 103 and 104: Marxists had taken place.” 393 Fo
Page 105 and 106: Demonstrations occurred in Iran tha
Page 107 and 108: agents in the Iranian Embassy in Wa
Page 109 and 110: student movement abroad was by far
Page 111 and 112: The group ended up receiving cots f
Page 113: were the result of high unemploymen
Page 117 and 118: opportunities for the CIS and well-
Page 119 and 120: with a group of Iranian students fr
Page 121 and 122: same day the lavish ceremonies were
Page 123 and 124: For the rest of the shah’s rule,
Page 125 and 126: question the nature of American inv
Page 127 and 128: over.” 499 As a result of a possi
Page 129 and 130: Even though Jimmy Carter used human
Page 131 and 132: augury stretched far beyond that on
Page 133 and 134: percent were inspired by communism.
Page 135 and 136: etaliatory response to the hostages
Page 137 and 138: did not desire the establishment of
Page 139 and 140: further radicalized the opposition.
Page 141 and 142: Douglas, William O. The Court Years
Page 143 and 144: Sick, Gary. All Fall Down: America
Page 145 and 146: Demonstrate: Tuesday, Sept. 1st, 4:
Page 147 and 148: SECONDARY SOURCES Abrahamian, Ervan
Page 149 and 150: Dixon, David and Shirin Hakimzadeh.
Page 151 and 152: Heineman, Kenneth J. Campus Wars: T
Page 153 and 154: McAlister, Melani. Epic Encounters:
Page 155 and 156: Von Dirke, Sabine. “All Power to
Page 157 and 158: (above) Figure 3. Ali Mohammad Fate
Page 159 and 160: (above) Figure 8. Heading of demons
Page 161 and 162: (above) Figure 12. Masked Iranian s
Page 163 and 164: (below) Figure16. Front page of ISA
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(left) Figure 19. The battle lines
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AN AUGURY OF REVOLUTION: THE IRANIAN STUDENT ...

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