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materials could enhance the thermal performance of glazing. The solar heat gain concept of the air-cooled walls and roof could be used in a double stud walls system. This concept was used to preheat ventilation air in the Swedish Research Station in Antarctica by up to 40ºC (72ºF). The ventilation supply air duct passed through the wall’s exterior air layer, then through the air space in the roof where a supply fan delivered the preheated air to the building. The vent openings were designed to protect the cavity from wind-driven snow. Table 12. R-Values and Air Tightness of Super-Insulated Envelopes Component Eagle Lake House Saskatoon House Alberta Sustainable Home Hanover House Klingenberg House Wall RSI (R) 8.8 (50) 10.6 (60) 8.8 (50) 7 (40) 10.6 (60) Roof RSI (R) 10.6 (60) 14.1 (80) 13 (74) 10.6 (60) 10.6 (60) Floor RSI (R) 5.3 (30) 6.2 (35) Rigid foam R-Value Not listed 10.0 (56) Basement walls N/A 1.9 (11) 4.2 (24) Windows RSI (R) 0.9 (5) triple glazed 3 (17) 1.2 to 1.6 (6.7 to 9) 1.26 (7.14) triple glazed Ach at 50 Pa 0.47 not measured 0.37 not measured Sources: Eagle Lake (North Series # 5, CMHC 2001-2003); Saskatoon House (Dumont, 2000); Alberta Sustainable Home (Rieger and Byrne, 1996), Hanover House (EBN, 1998); Klingenberg House (EDU, 2004-2). Building Envelope Systems to Consider General considerations for building envelope assemblies for northern climates include super-insulated, airtight, and breathable assemblies based on a target annual energy budget according to the region’s climate and challenges. Additionally, market acceptance of the system and the availability of material, construction equipment, and labour are factors for consideration. Preference would be for construction methods that encourage local participation. Northern Regions Wall systems to consider include: • double stud walls systems, which can be a double 38 x 89 mm (2 x 4) stud walls, and a standoff walls system with I-beam studs (Wall thickness depends on the insulation level to be determined with energy optimization analysis based on a target energy budget.); • SIP systems; and • concrete wall construction using ICFs. PERD-079: Task 2 - <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 94
Coastal Northern Regions For high-moisture climates, key criteria for building envelope assemblies are an ability to handle as well as withstand wetting spells with little effect on the assembly durability. Design needs to emphasize deflection, drainage, drying, and durability moisture management strategies. Wall systems to consider include: • single 38 x 139 mm (2 x 6) stud wall with exterior rigid or semi-rigid breathable insulating sheathing board and blown-in insulation in the stud spaces; and • single 38 x 139 mm (2 x 6) stud wall with interior 38 x 64 mm (2 x 3) strapping on the interior. Additional batt insulation is placed in the strapping space. Concepts to Consider from the Advanced Wood Framing Technology • Use 38 x 89 mm (2 x 4) lumber for cripples and jack studs. • Use a 38 x 89 mm (2 x 4) lumber for bottom and top plates to reduce material consumption. • Use drywall clips at the corners to eliminate three-stud corners. Concepts to Consider from Indigenous Adaptation Principles • Respect the indigenous appreciation and careful management of local materials and resources. • Every design aspect and each element of the building contributes to the net environment of the living space. • The dome architectural form of the igloo sheds wind, which reduces the erosion of envelope surfaces, the accumulation of snowdrifts, and heat flow from the building envelope. • In the Cape Cod and Hungarian houses, masonry walls or stucco over earthen or adobe walls were used in response to damp conditions. For wood, protective paint was applied. In northern coastal areas, use large windows to harvest daylight to compensate for overcast skies. Windows in all directions provide daylight and summer ventilation. Window shutters or storm windows protect against storms and winter cold. • Integrate heating and cooling comfort appliances with the building design. Concepts to Consider from Super-Insulated Envelopes Building Envelope • Determine the wall insulation level, hence wall thickness, based on energy optimization analysis using a target energy budget. • Use two-layer insulation, because it allows insulation joints to be staggered and reduces the thermal bridging potential of fasteners of the base layer. PERD-079: Task 2 - <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 95
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http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca Task 2: <
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DISCLAIMER This report presents a r
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3. Heating, Ventilation, and Energy
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List of Acronyms ach Air changes pe
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Executive Summary Canada’s region
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to 24 in.) in areas below the tree
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1. Introduction Background Canada
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Moisture Issues: Wood Frame Constru
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of Alaska museum where RH was 45%.
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Let Z w is warm side vapour resista
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c) Proposed Wall # 2 b) Proposed Wa
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Canada Mortgage and Housing Corpora
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Upgraded Thermal & Air Tightness Wa
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Single Stud Walls with Interior Str
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Standoff wall system Source: CHBA (
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• polyethylene air/vapour barrier
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Building Envelopes: Northern Canada
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• Climate: The Arctic climate in
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• Plumbing system: To solve conde
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• The SIP house required 264 hour
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• The attached sunspace did not p
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this case, a means of venting the r
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• High energy and transportation
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as well as at high altitudes, where
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Foundation construction in the perm
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oof assemblies, because the roof de
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• The roofing membrane, air/vapou
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Page 57 and 58: Maritime Climate Indigenous Archite
Page 59 and 60: example, in cold climates, the comf
Page 61 and 62: Globally, domes constructed with ai
Page 63 and 64: time limitations existed for the bu
Page 65 and 66: Pier Foundation System Brooks (2000
Page 67 and 68: Kwok et al. (1992, 1993) also used
Page 69 and 70: Composite-Wrapped Concrete Column K
Page 71 and 72: consumption and CO 2 emissions asso
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Page 75 and 76: Triple-glazed windows (about RSI-0.
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Page 79 and 80: Maximum annual heating requirement
Page 81 and 82: Energy Performance During the first
Page 83 and 84: Roof framing Roof insulation Air ti
Page 85 and 86: Table 8 compares R-values and air t
Page 87 and 88: in.) diameter, it appears quite whi
Page 89 and 90: • an equivalent thermal transmitt
Page 91 and 92: 3. Heating, Ventilation, and Energy
Page 93 and 94: Locations that Work Well For buildi
Page 95 and 96: District Heating Considerations Arm
Page 97 and 98: • Particulates: the measured leve
Page 99 and 100: 4. Socio-Economic Issues The Vegeta
Page 101 and 102: concentrated in a few integrated sp
Page 103 and 104: Snow drifting patterns, winds, temp
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Page 109 and 110: Appendix A: Literature</str
Page 111 and 112: References Note: Unless otherwise i
Page 113 and 114: ———. 1994-1. “Designing Hou
Page 115 and 116: Diakun, D. 1997. “Portfolio: Nort
Page 117 and 118: Legget, R.F. and C.B. Crawford. 196
Page 119 and 120: , then select “Volume 2, 1999-200
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