Literature Review on Building Envelope, Heating and ... - Beeshive.org

More documents

Recommendations

Info

lowest life cycle cost. The building envelope incorporated a continuous vapour barrier, and the construction was designed to be airtight. A pile foundation elevated the building 600 mm (24 in.) above the ground to keep the underlying permafrost from thawing. Heating system: The residential units are heated by a hydronic baseboard fin-tube system that uses a central fuel oil boiler. Ventilation: Heat recovery was incorporated into the design, because of the large temperature differential between indoors and outdoors. An individual HRV was provided for each residential unit. The HRV supplied air, as per ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 v (ASHRAE, 1989), to centralized occupied areas within each residential unit. The return air grilles were located in the kitchen and bathroom(s). It was an air-to-air plate type heat exchanger with counter-flow airstreams. HRV defrost: The potential for defrost is present eight months of the year, where the mean monthly temperatures are below -1ºC (30ºF) except for June to September. Defrost was provided by recirculation of the exhaust air stream back through the supply to the heat exchanger. Defrosting by preheating supply air significantly reduces recovered heat benefits. The defrost cycle was designed to be initiated when the outdoor temperature was less than -2ºC (29ºF) and continue until the temperature of the air stream entering the HRV heat exchanger is 1ºC (33ºF). The defrost time was limited to no more than 20% of the operation time at design conditions. Supply air diffusers: Location and selection of the supply air diffuser were important to avoid dumping cold air into the room. As recommended by the ASHRAE (1992), ceiling diffusers were used for the supply air whenever was practical. Sidewall diffusers were used when it was necessary to accommodate architectural restraints. Indoor humidity: Outside air at winter design temperature of -39ºC (-38ºF) passes through the HRV and enters the occupied area at a temperature of about 4ºC (40ºF) and a relative humidity of essentially zero. Thus, an excess ventilation rate is not desirable, because it could result in reduced indoor air comfort. Ninomura and Bhargava (1995) commented that, 20% relative humidity is considered optimum during winter for arctic residences. At a relative humidity of less than 20%, occupant’s discomfort and complaints might increase. Experience in the arctic showed that a relative humidity above 20% could result in condensation and mould growth. Energy savings: The fuel costs in Kotzebue, Alaska, in 1993, were $1.6/gal for # 1 fuel oil and $0.1844/kWh for electricity. The net savings were calculated to be $464 per year with a pay-back time of seven years. (The HRV installation cost was $1,500.) Ninomura and Bhargava (1995) concluded that HRVs were an economical way to provide ventilation that complies with ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 and saves on operational costs. The extreme low temperatures of the arctic presented challenges in the incorporation of HRVs in the ventilation design. PERD-079: Task 2 - <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 82
District Heating Considerations Armstrong (1993) recommended the application of district heating, because of its benefits. The layout of most arctic communities places the buildings in close proximity to one another. District heating would facilitate utilization of heat recovery from the electrical generators. The North Series # 3 (CMHC, 2001-2003) described a cogeneration demonstration project in Fort Providence, Yellowknife. The co-generation project provided the community with heating and electricity. Integrated Heat and Domestic Hot Water System: The North Series # 9 (CMHC, 2001-2003) described an energy-saving solution for space heating and domestic hot water. It recommended replacing older; non-efficient traditionally separate systems for the space heating and domestic hot water by one efficient system, such as a fancoil integrated system. There have been several successful installations of the integrated system in northern communities. Conversion was mostly from an oil-fired furnace and electric hot water tank to an integrated system consisting of an oil-fired hot water tank with a forced air heating distribution system. The hot water tank provides domestic hot water as well as hot water for heating the space supply air (a mixture of recirculated air and ventilation air) in the fancoil unit. There are benefits in a combined heating and domestic hot water system. • Running one heating appliance instead of two reduces appliance stand-by heat losses. • The elimination of the electricity-dependent hot water tank results in considerable savings as, in the north, the cost of electricity is considerably higher than the equivalent cost of oil. • A fancoil combination system could be designed to supply a number of zones with different heating demands. The oil-fired furnace and electric hot water tank in a six-plex row-housing unit in Whitehorse was converted to a fancoil integrated heat and domestic hot water system in April, 2000. Electric and water costs and weather data were monitored for a year before and after the conversion. For a four-month period (October to January 1999-2000 and again in 2000-2001), the savings were about $83 for electricity and $131 for oil for a total of $213. In terms of kWh, the savings were about 600 kWh for electricity and 3200 equivalent kWh for oil. vi Indoor Air Quality and Health Mould Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (2003-2) prepared a resource guide for First Nations housing providers on mould issues. The guide provides a compilation of information, programs, products, and services from government agencies and the private sectors on a wide range of information on moisture and related mould problems. PERD-079: Task 2 - <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 83
Page 1 and 2:
http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca Task 2: <
Page 3 and 4:
DISCLAIMER This report presents a r
Page 5 and 6:
3. Heating, Ventilation, and Energy
Page 7 and 8:
List of Acronyms ach Air changes pe
Page 9 and 10:
Executive Summary Canada’s region
Page 11 and 12:
to 24 in.) in areas below the tree
Page 13 and 14:
1. Introduction Background Canada
Page 15 and 16:
Moisture Issues: Wood Frame Constru
Page 17 and 18:
of Alaska museum where RH was 45%.
Page 19 and 20:
Let Z w is warm side vapour resista
Page 21 and 22:
c) Proposed Wall # 2 b) Proposed Wa
Page 23 and 24:
Canada Mortgage and Housing Corpora
Page 25 and 26:
Upgraded Thermal & Air Tightness Wa
Page 27 and 28:
Single Stud Walls with Interior Str
Page 29 and 30:
Standoff wall system Source: CHBA (
Page 31 and 32:
• polyethylene air/vapour barrier
Page 33 and 34:
Building Envelopes: Northern Canada
Page 35 and 36:
• Climate: The Arctic climate in
Page 37 and 38:
• Plumbing system: To solve conde
Page 39 and 40:
• The SIP house required 264 hour
Page 41 and 42:
• The attached sunspace did not p
Page 43 and 44: this case, a means of venting the r
Page 45 and 46: • High energy and transportation
Page 47 and 48: as well as at high altitudes, where
Page 49 and 50: Foundation construction in the perm
Page 51 and 52: oof assemblies, because the roof de
Page 53 and 54: • The roofing membrane, air/vapou
Page 55 and 56: • the coasts and islands with the
Page 57 and 58: Maritime Climate Indigenous Archite
Page 59 and 60: example, in cold climates, the comf
Page 61 and 62: Globally, domes constructed with ai
Page 63 and 64: time limitations existed for the bu
Page 65 and 66: Pier Foundation System Brooks (2000
Page 67 and 68: Kwok et al. (1992, 1993) also used
Page 69 and 70: Composite-Wrapped Concrete Column K
Page 71 and 72: consumption and CO 2 emissions asso
Page 73 and 74: healthy, sustainable, durable, and
Page 75 and 76: Triple-glazed windows (about RSI-0.
Page 77 and 78: The building envelope is airtight a
Page 79 and 80: Maximum annual heating requirement
Page 81 and 82: Energy Performance During the first
Page 83 and 84: Roof framing Roof insulation Air ti
Page 85 and 86: Table 8 compares R-values and air t
Page 87 and 88: in.) diameter, it appears quite whi
Page 89 and 90: • an equivalent thermal transmitt
Page 91 and 92: 3. Heating, Ventilation, and Energy
Page 93: Locations that Work Well For buildi
Page 97 and 98: • Particulates: the measured leve
Page 99 and 100: 4. Socio-Economic Issues The Vegeta
Page 101 and 102: concentrated in a few integrated sp
Page 103 and 104: Snow drifting patterns, winds, temp
Page 105 and 106: Thermally Upgraded Wall Systems Thi
Page 107 and 108: Coastal Northern Regions For high-m
Page 109 and 110: Appendix A: Literature</str
Page 111 and 112: References Note: Unless otherwise i
Page 113 and 114: ———. 1994-1. “Designing Hou
Page 115 and 116: Diakun, D. 1997. “Portfolio: Nort
Page 117 and 118: Legget, R.F. and C.B. Crawford. 196
Page 119 and 120: , then select “Volume 2, 1999-200
show all

Literature Review on Building Envelope, Heating and ... - Beeshive.org

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?