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- semi-rigid insulation, 38 mm (1½ in.), RSI-1.2 (R-7); - air barrier; - OSB, 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) plus 19 x 89 mm (1 x 4) battens at unsupported edges; and - plywood sheathing. The floor is elevated 910 mm (3 ft.) above the ground to reduce snowdrift accumulation. This space is also used to accommodate some utilities, such as fuel and sewage tanks. Structural Insulated Panel System (SIPs) SIPs are innovative building envelope systems, which are gaining wide acceptance particularly in sustainable construction, because they improve energy performance of building envelopes and reduce timber use, thus conserving natural resources. These prefabricated wall panels consist of a wood framing system, typically spaced 1220 mm (48 in.) on centre and expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation faced with OSB on both sides. The technology is not new. It was first used in residential construction in 1952 in Midland, Michigan in which foam-core SIP panels were used for exterior walls, interior partitions, and roofs (CMHC 2001-2003, North Series # 1). Advantages: Whalen (2004), a manufacturer of SIPs, concluded that SIP and ICF (insulating concrete form) systems are viable for constructing energy-efficient building envelope assemblies compared to the common wood framing system with 400 mm or 600 mm (16 in. or 24 in.) on-centre studs. Advantages of the SIP and ICF systems include the following. • There is a considerable reduction in thermal bridges through the wall. • Savings are realized in timber use. • There are favourable hygrothermal properties of EPS insulation used in the SIP and ICF systems. The closed-cell structure of EPS insulation provides high resistance to moisture absorption and stable R-value that does not decrease with the dissipation of the blowing agent. The EPS insulation is non-toxic and inert, and is environmentally friendly, because it is free of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), HCFCs (hydrochlorofluorocarbons), and formaldehyde. Repulse Bay Example: The CMHC’s North Series # 1 (CMHC, 2001-2003) presented the field evaluation of a SIP system in Repulse Bay as an alternative wall system to commonly used wood frame construction that uses dimensional lumber, plywood or OSB, and fibreglass batt insulation. The Repulse Bay project demonstrated that: • There is little difference in the cost of materials including freight between the SIP house and a comparable wood frame house. The cost of the SIP house was 2.4% higher. PERD-079: Task 2 - <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 26
• The SIP house required 264 hours of labour (about 45% less) compared to 480 hours for the wood frame house to make the building completely weather tight, such that construction work could proceed from the interior. Less outdoor construction time is important for the narrow window of favourable weather in northern regions. • Semi-skilled labourers readily acquired the skills needed to build with SIPs. The workers received two days of training by a factory representative, who then left. Post-occupancy inspections after the first year indicated that, unlike in the wood frame houses, there was no usual nail pops or drywall cracks. Structural movement was small. A fan door test showed the SIP house had 0.49 air changes per hour (ach) at 50 Pa (compared to 1.5 ach for a conventional R-2000-based house). For a 13-month period, the SIP house used 25% less heating fuel than similar-sized homes in Repulse Bay. Similar to Whalen (2004), the North Series # 1 concluded that the Repulse Bay demonstration house indicated that SIP systems are suitable for northern house construction. • The SIP system reduces structural framing, therefore reducing the potential for thermal bridging and also saves wood. • On-site waste is greatly reduced, because SIP panels are precut to various sizes and shapes in the factory. • The panels do not rot, shrink, swell, split, or warp to the extent that dimensional lumber does. • The weight of SIP panels is about 35% less than the same size wood frame wall, floor, or roof assembly of the same R-value. The weight ratio of wood frame to SIPs increases as the insulation ratio increases. • Panel construction using SIPS is faster than wood frame construction. Example of unfavourable performance: In Juneau, Alaska, over 60 roofs five to six years old built with SIPs showed moisture problems, rotted, and required complete replacement (Andrews, 2001). The failures were thought to be due to a combination of wind-driven rain around plumbing stacks, water vapour diffusion through the roof assembly, and movement of warm moist indoor air within panel joints. There were no flaws in the SIP panels themselves. Poor workmanship (installation techniques and inexperienced installers) was the cause of the roofs’ deterioration. Poor workmanship examples included joints that were not sealed well; custom foam wedges to be installed at ridges between SIPs were missing or substituted with scrap foam. There was not enough or missing adhesive; critical components, such as a vapour barrier, were missing; and OSB spline connectors were missing. PERD-079: Task 2 - <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 27
Page 1 and 2: http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca Task 2: <
Page 3 and 4: DISCLAIMER This report presents a r
Page 5 and 6: 3. Heating, Ventilation, and Energy
Page 7 and 8: List of Acronyms ach Air changes pe
Page 9 and 10: Executive Summary Canada’s region
Page 11 and 12: to 24 in.) in areas below the tree
Page 13 and 14: 1. Introduction Background Canada
Page 15 and 16: Moisture Issues: Wood Frame Constru
Page 17 and 18: of Alaska museum where RH was 45%.
Page 19 and 20: Let Z w is warm side vapour resista
Page 21 and 22: c) Proposed Wall # 2 b) Proposed Wa
Page 23 and 24: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corpora
Page 25 and 26: Upgraded Thermal & Air Tightness Wa
Page 27 and 28: Single Stud Walls with Interior Str
Page 29 and 30: Standoff wall system Source: CHBA (
Page 31 and 32: • polyethylene air/vapour barrier
Page 33 and 34: Building Envelopes: Northern Canada
Page 35 and 36: • Climate: The Arctic climate in
Page 37: • Plumbing system: To solve conde
Page 41 and 42: • The attached sunspace did not p
Page 43 and 44: this case, a means of venting the r
Page 45 and 46: • High energy and transportation
Page 47 and 48: as well as at high altitudes, where
Page 49 and 50: Foundation construction in the perm
Page 51 and 52: oof assemblies, because the roof de
Page 53 and 54: • The roofing membrane, air/vapou
Page 55 and 56: • the coasts and islands with the
Page 57 and 58: Maritime Climate Indigenous Archite
Page 59 and 60: example, in cold climates, the comf
Page 61 and 62: Globally, domes constructed with ai
Page 63 and 64: time limitations existed for the bu
Page 65 and 66: Pier Foundation System Brooks (2000
Page 67 and 68: Kwok et al. (1992, 1993) also used
Page 69 and 70: Composite-Wrapped Concrete Column K
Page 71 and 72: consumption and CO 2 emissions asso
Page 73 and 74: healthy, sustainable, durable, and
Page 75 and 76: Triple-glazed windows (about RSI-0.
Page 77 and 78: The building envelope is airtight a
Page 79 and 80: Maximum annual heating requirement
Page 81 and 82: Energy Performance During the first
Page 83 and 84: Roof framing Roof insulation Air ti
Page 85 and 86: Table 8 compares R-values and air t
Page 87 and 88: in.) diameter, it appears quite whi
Page 89 and 90:
• an equivalent thermal transmitt
Page 91 and 92:
3. Heating, Ventilation, and Energy
Page 93 and 94:
Locations that Work Well For buildi
Page 95 and 96:
District Heating Considerations Arm
Page 97 and 98:
• Particulates: the measured leve
Page 99 and 100:
4. Socio-Economic Issues The Vegeta
Page 101 and 102:
concentrated in a few integrated sp
Page 103 and 104:
Snow drifting patterns, winds, temp
Page 105 and 106:
Thermally Upgraded Wall Systems Thi
Page 107 and 108:
Coastal Northern Regions For high-m
Page 109 and 110:
Appendix A: Literature</str
Page 111 and 112:
References Note: Unless otherwise i
Page 113 and 114:
———. 1994-1. “Designing Hou
Page 115 and 116:
Diakun, D. 1997. “Portfolio: Nort
Page 117 and 118:
Legget, R.F. and C.B. Crawford. 196
Page 119 and 120:
, then select “Volume 2, 1999-200
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