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Ninomura, P.T. and R. Bhargava. 1995. “Heat Recovery Ventilators in Multifamily Residences in the Arctic.” Pp. 961-966 in ASHRAE-Transactions. 101(2), ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA. NoRTH (Northern Research and Technology). nd. Web site. . NWT (Northwest Territories). 2000. Good Building Practice for Northern Facilities. First Edition, March 2000, Department of Public Works and Services, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT, Canada X1A 2L9. Nunavut Housing Corporation. 2005. Personnel communication, June. Pathak, R.C. 1996. “Constructional and Environmental Aspects of Structural Materials at Antarctica and Indian Himalayas.” Pp. 968-077 in Proceedings of the 1996 4th Materials Engineering Conference, Part 2 (of 2). Washington, DC. Penner, E. 1962. “Ground Freezing and Frost Heaving.” Canadian Building Digest. CBD-26, Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, February, 6 p. . Penner, E. and K.N. Burn. 1970. “Adfreezing and Frost Heaving of Foundations.” Canadian Building Digest. CBD-128, Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, August, 8 p. . Quimby, T.B. 1998. “Air-Formed Concrete Shells for Cold Regions.” Pp. 558-567 in Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Cold-Regions Engineering. Duluth, Minnesota, USA, September 27-30. Rand, J.H. and F. Brier. 2000. “SPRP Project: An Overview.” Civil Engineering. 70(12) (December): 34-37, 73. Rieger, T. and J. Byrne. 1996. “Off-Grid in a Cold City: The Alberta Sustainable Home.” Home Energy Magazine Online. Vol. 13 ; Issue 2, March/April, pp. 37-40. A PDF copy is posted on (Accessed December 10, 2006). Rogers, T.S. 1951. Design of Insulated Buildings for Various Climates. F.W. Dodge Corporation, New York, 119 p. Sandberg, P. and J. Nieminen. 1997. “Steel Houses in a Cold Climate.” Pp. 427-438 in Proceedings of the Jerkontoret-Anniversary Conference, 250th. Stockholm, Sweden, June. Schmidt, D. and G. Jóhannesson. 2001. “Model for the Thermal Performance of a Double Air Gap Wall Construction.” Nordic Journal of Building Physics. Vol. 2, 20 p. PERD-079: Task 2 - <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 106
, then select “Volume 2, 1999-2001” to view the volume contents. Seifert, R. nd. “Attics Roofs for Northern Residential Construction.” The Northern Research and Technology in Housing (NoRTH) Web site. < www.northrthn.org/FactSheets/Attics-roofs.html>. Sherwood, G.E. 1983. “Condensation Potential in High Thermal Performance Walls – Cold Winter Climate.” United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research Paper FPL-433, May, 20 p. Strub, H. 1996. Bare Poles: Building Design for High Latitude. Carleton University Press. 194 p. Sugawara, M. and A. Hoyano. 1996. “Development of a Natural Ventilation System Using a Pitched Roof of Breathing Walls.” Pp. 717-722 in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate – Indoor Air 96. Volume. 3. ———. 1997. “Conception of a Wall Structure for a Passive System and a Concrete Proposal.” Pp. 1-187-1-194 in Proceedings of the 14th Passive and Low Energy Architecture-International Conference. Kushiro, Japan, January. Thue, J.V., H.B. Skogstad, and A. Homb. 1996. “Wood Frame Walls in Cold Climate - Vapour Barrier Requirements.” Journal of Thermal Insulation and Building Envelopes. 20 (July): 63-75. Waechter, B.F. and C.J. Williams. 1999. “Snowdrift Design Guidance for the New South Pole Station.” Pp. 57-68 in Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Gold Regions Engineering Putting Research into Practice. Lincoln, NH. Whalen, J. 2004. “SIPs and ICFs – Energy-Efficient Building Systems Using EPS Insulation.” Construction Canada. (July): 24-30. Wilson, A.G. 1960. “Condensation on Inside Window Surfaces.” CBD-4, Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, April, 5 p. Wikipedia. nd. Passive house. From the free encyclopedia Wikipedia, web site. (Accessed November 29, 2006) Yoshino, H. 1991. “Design Strategies for Houses in Cold-Climate Regions of Japan.” Pp. 625-634 in ASHRAE Transactions. 97(1), ASHRAE Winter Meeting - Technical Papers, New York, NY, USA, ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA. PERD-079: Task 2 - <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 107
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http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca Task 2: <
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DISCLAIMER This report presents a r
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3. Heating, Ventilation, and Energy
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List of Acronyms ach Air changes pe
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Executive Summary Canada’s region
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to 24 in.) in areas below the tree
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1. Introduction Background Canada
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Moisture Issues: Wood Frame Constru
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of Alaska museum where RH was 45%.
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Let Z w is warm side vapour resista
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c) Proposed Wall # 2 b) Proposed Wa
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Canada Mortgage and Housing Corpora
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Upgraded Thermal & Air Tightness Wa
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Single Stud Walls with Interior Str
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Standoff wall system Source: CHBA (
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• polyethylene air/vapour barrier
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Building Envelopes: Northern Canada
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• Climate: The Arctic climate in
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• Plumbing system: To solve conde
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• The SIP house required 264 hour
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• The attached sunspace did not p
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this case, a means of venting the r
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• High energy and transportation
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as well as at high altitudes, where
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Foundation construction in the perm
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oof assemblies, because the roof de
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• The roofing membrane, air/vapou
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• the coasts and islands with the
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Maritime Climate Indigenous Archite
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example, in cold climates, the comf
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Globally, domes constructed with ai
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time limitations existed for the bu
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Pier Foundation System Brooks (2000
Page 67 and 68: Kwok et al. (1992, 1993) also used
Page 69 and 70: Composite-Wrapped Concrete Column K
Page 71 and 72: consumption and CO 2 emissions asso
Page 73 and 74: healthy, sustainable, durable, and
Page 75 and 76: Triple-glazed windows (about RSI-0.
Page 77 and 78: The building envelope is airtight a
Page 79 and 80: Maximum annual heating requirement
Page 81 and 82: Energy Performance During the first
Page 83 and 84: Roof framing Roof insulation Air ti
Page 85 and 86: Table 8 compares R-values and air t
Page 87 and 88: in.) diameter, it appears quite whi
Page 89 and 90: • an equivalent thermal transmitt
Page 91 and 92: 3. Heating, Ventilation, and Energy
Page 93 and 94: Locations that Work Well For buildi
Page 95 and 96: District Heating Considerations Arm
Page 97 and 98: • Particulates: the measured leve
Page 99 and 100: 4. Socio-Economic Issues The Vegeta
Page 101 and 102: concentrated in a few integrated sp
Page 103 and 104: Snow drifting patterns, winds, temp
Page 105 and 106: Thermally Upgraded Wall Systems Thi
Page 107 and 108: Coastal Northern Regions For high-m
Page 109 and 110: Appendix A: Literature</str
Page 111 and 112: References Note: Unless otherwise i
Page 113 and 114: ———. 1994-1. “Designing Hou
Page 115 and 116: Diakun, D. 1997. “Portfolio: Nort
Page 117: Legget, R.F. and C.B. Crawford. 196
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