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An Example of a Dome Anatomy (Source: http://www.domehome.com/productinfo.html) Figure 9. An Example of a Dome Building and Anatomy Source: (Accessed November 23, 2006) PERD-079: Task 2 - <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 48
Globally, domes constructed with air-form techniques have been used for utility, educational, religious, and residential structures for many years. Quimby (1998) proposed the use of air-formed concrete dome shells in the arctic and sub-arctic regions where unique design, construction, and operational challenges exist. Quimby believed dome structures hold promise in arctic and sub-arctic regions. The author noted the following requirements for the ideal cold region structures. • Satisfy the functional requirements of occupants. • Use a minimum of materials to construct. • Require a minimum amount of labour to construct. • Insulate appropriately to minimize energy costs. • Be maintenance free. Quimby (1998) described the construction of a dome building in cold regions and demonstrated how dome buildings could meet the challenges presented by the northern climate. The dome structure, constructed in 1993, was a 24.4 m (80 ft.) diameter church centre in Soldotna, Alaska. Design criteria included snow loads of 1.9 kPa (40 psf) and wind speeds of 161 k/hr (100 mph.). The thickness of the concrete shell was 76 mm (3 in.) and 152 mm (6 in.) at the supporting beam interface. The shell thickness was controlled by the need for concrete to cover the reinforcing steel. The shell contained 62 m 3 (81 cu. yd.) of a special mix concrete (with high cement content and small aggregates) and about 7200 kg (16 000 lbs) of reinforcing steel. The fabric form used in the construction of the dome was Hypalon®, which has excellent ultraviolet resistance, and might remain in place after construction to become the roofing membrane for the dome or may be removed and cleaned for reuse as a form. The builder was a local general contractor experienced in the use of polyurethane foam. The builder brought in outside experts to train his crew. Volunteer labour was used wherever possible. Once the dome fabric form was stretched over the foundation and inflated, successive thin layers of polyurethane foam (to a total thickness of 76 mm/3 in.) were applied to the inside of the fabric form. Light gauge metal plates with attached wires were embedded in the foam. The protruded wires were used for attaching the reinforcing steel of the structure. Once the steel was in place, the concrete was sprayed in successive thin layers (about 20 mm (3/4 in.) thick; each layer was applied before the previous layer was completely cured. This step required experienced operators and special spray and pumping equipment. The time required to construct the dome was 13 days from ground breaking. Quimby noted that using an experienced crew could have reduced construction time by two days. The building was heated by a gas-fired forced air system. The building dome shell has performed well over five winters. During this period, the dome experienced moderate wind and seismic events without any sign of distress. PERD-079: Task 2 - <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 49
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http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca Task 2: <
Page 3 and 4:
DISCLAIMER This report presents a r
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3. Heating, Ventilation, and Energy
Page 7 and 8:
List of Acronyms ach Air changes pe
Page 9 and 10: Executive Summary Canada’s region
Page 11 and 12: to 24 in.) in areas below the tree
Page 13 and 14: 1. Introduction Background Canada
Page 15 and 16: Moisture Issues: Wood Frame Constru
Page 17 and 18: of Alaska museum where RH was 45%.
Page 19 and 20: Let Z w is warm side vapour resista
Page 21 and 22: c) Proposed Wall # 2 b) Proposed Wa
Page 23 and 24: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corpora
Page 25 and 26: Upgraded Thermal & Air Tightness Wa
Page 27 and 28: Single Stud Walls with Interior Str
Page 29 and 30: Standoff wall system Source: CHBA (
Page 31 and 32: • polyethylene air/vapour barrier
Page 33 and 34: Building Envelopes: Northern Canada
Page 35 and 36: • Climate: The Arctic climate in
Page 37 and 38: • Plumbing system: To solve conde
Page 39 and 40: • The SIP house required 264 hour
Page 41 and 42: • The attached sunspace did not p
Page 43 and 44: this case, a means of venting the r
Page 45 and 46: • High energy and transportation
Page 47 and 48: as well as at high altitudes, where
Page 49 and 50: Foundation construction in the perm
Page 51 and 52: oof assemblies, because the roof de
Page 53 and 54: • The roofing membrane, air/vapou
Page 55 and 56: • the coasts and islands with the
Page 57 and 58: Maritime Climate Indigenous Archite
Page 59: example, in cold climates, the comf
Page 63 and 64: time limitations existed for the bu
Page 65 and 66: Pier Foundation System Brooks (2000
Page 67 and 68: Kwok et al. (1992, 1993) also used
Page 69 and 70: Composite-Wrapped Concrete Column K
Page 71 and 72: consumption and CO 2 emissions asso
Page 73 and 74: healthy, sustainable, durable, and
Page 75 and 76: Triple-glazed windows (about RSI-0.
Page 77 and 78: The building envelope is airtight a
Page 79 and 80: Maximum annual heating requirement
Page 81 and 82: Energy Performance During the first
Page 83 and 84: Roof framing Roof insulation Air ti
Page 85 and 86: Table 8 compares R-values and air t
Page 87 and 88: in.) diameter, it appears quite whi
Page 89 and 90: • an equivalent thermal transmitt
Page 91 and 92: 3. Heating, Ventilation, and Energy
Page 93 and 94: Locations that Work Well For buildi
Page 95 and 96: District Heating Considerations Arm
Page 97 and 98: • Particulates: the measured leve
Page 99 and 100: 4. Socio-Economic Issues The Vegeta
Page 101 and 102: concentrated in a few integrated sp
Page 103 and 104: Snow drifting patterns, winds, temp
Page 105 and 106: Thermally Upgraded Wall Systems Thi
Page 107 and 108: Coastal Northern Regions For high-m
Page 109 and 110: Appendix A: Literature</str
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References Note: Unless otherwise i
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———. 1994-1. “Designing Hou
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Diakun, D. 1997. “Portfolio: Nort
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Legget, R.F. and C.B. Crawford. 196
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, then select “Volume 2, 1999-200
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