Literature Review on Building Envelope, Heating and ... - Beeshive.org

More documents

Recommendations

Info

• Technologies to facilitate winter construction: Use protective transparent screens to facilitate heating and maximize the use of day lighting. Movable quilts protect cast concrete, as does the electric heating of concrete and hot casting. Dehumidifiers control moisture during drying. Extensive use of prefabricated concrete units reduces the need for site drying. Flexible central heating systems exist that have been designed for building sites. • HVAC: Integration of the structure and air conditioning promotes energy efficiency as the structure can act as a heat source or sink as well as for distribution, such as through prefabricated concrete hollow-core slabs. Passive control can be achieved through the efficient use of heat gains, night flushing, and evaporative cooling. With zoning and individual controlled operation, HVAC serves only occupied zones. By switching the lights on, occupants activate HVAC for the occupied zone. Individual metering of each apartment reduces heating energy and water consumption. Use low-temperature radiator heating with thermostat-controlled valves. Local district heating saves energy. Nelson and Rantama (1993) noted that, in Helsinki, the atmospheric sulphur content decreased by 50% since district heating was introduced. About 45% of the building stock in Finland is connected to district heating. A balanced mechanical air supply and extraction system with heat recovery saves energy. • Lighting: Use low wattage fluorescent, halogen lamps, and spotlights for local high lighting. In office buildings, after working hours, lights are automatically turned off by the building automation system. Individual lights can be relit manually. In both instances, maximize the use of day lighting. PERD-079: Task 2 - <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 86
4. Socio-Economic Issues The Vegetation Ecosystem Tundra is a Lapp word that denotes a polar plain (Strub, 1996). Tundra is the dominant vegetation region of northern Canada. Vegetation cover is sparse, next to zero toward the pole but nearly continuous at the southern limit. The number of species in the high latitudes (from 60 to 90 degrees) is smaller than that in lower latitudes. Many of the species have relatives at mid-latitudes (from 30 to 60 degrees). • The growing season of one to three months is short, and shadows are long, because of the low angle of the sunlight. • In the “polar desert,” as described by Strub (1996), precipitation is scarce and averages about 100 mm (4 in.) annually. • There is poor precipitation distribution due to snow drifting and poor drainage due to the imperviousness of the permafrost table, which prevents deep root penetration and keeps the shallow active layer cold enough to retard absorption of water by the roots. • The fine-grained soil in the active layer is unstable due to soil heaving by freeze–thaw cycling. • There is a high plant mortality rate due to low winter temperatures and the drying caused by the wind. Low temperatures prevent polar flora from contributing oxygen to the atmosphere and absorbing carbon dioxide in significant amounts. • Long nutrient cycles and high soil acidity, because of the low temperatures, inhibit the decay of plants and animal remains. • A short supply of the nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorous, in the soil retard the growth of vegetation. • The ecosystem is very fragile; a decline in one species affects the other species. Vegetation Adaptation • Most polar plants hug the ground. Stems and leaves form a canopy that deflects the wind and absorbs sunlight efficiently. Temperatures below the canopy are several degrees higher than the ambient air. • Dryad flowers, shaped to concentrate sunlight, turn to follow the path of the sun, thereby raising the temperature of their critical parts by several degrees. • Some plants grow hair as insulation. Others have frost-resistant structures. PERD-079: Task 2 - <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 87
Page 1 and 2:
http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca Task 2: <
Page 3 and 4:
DISCLAIMER This report presents a r
Page 5 and 6:
3. Heating, Ventilation, and Energy
Page 7 and 8:
List of Acronyms ach Air changes pe
Page 9 and 10:
Executive Summary Canada’s region
Page 11 and 12:
to 24 in.) in areas below the tree
Page 13 and 14:
1. Introduction Background Canada
Page 15 and 16:
Moisture Issues: Wood Frame Constru
Page 17 and 18:
of Alaska museum where RH was 45%.
Page 19 and 20:
Let Z w is warm side vapour resista
Page 21 and 22:
c) Proposed Wall # 2 b) Proposed Wa
Page 23 and 24:
Canada Mortgage and Housing Corpora
Page 25 and 26:
Upgraded Thermal & Air Tightness Wa
Page 27 and 28:
Single Stud Walls with Interior Str
Page 29 and 30:
Standoff wall system Source: CHBA (
Page 31 and 32:
• polyethylene air/vapour barrier
Page 33 and 34:
Building Envelopes: Northern Canada
Page 35 and 36:
• Climate: The Arctic climate in
Page 37 and 38:
• Plumbing system: To solve conde
Page 39 and 40:
• The SIP house required 264 hour
Page 41 and 42:
• The attached sunspace did not p
Page 43 and 44:
this case, a means of venting the r
Page 45 and 46:
• High energy and transportation
Page 47 and 48: as well as at high altitudes, where
Page 49 and 50: Foundation construction in the perm
Page 51 and 52: oof assemblies, because the roof de
Page 53 and 54: • The roofing membrane, air/vapou
Page 55 and 56: • the coasts and islands with the
Page 57 and 58: Maritime Climate Indigenous Archite
Page 59 and 60: example, in cold climates, the comf
Page 61 and 62: Globally, domes constructed with ai
Page 63 and 64: time limitations existed for the bu
Page 65 and 66: Pier Foundation System Brooks (2000
Page 67 and 68: Kwok et al. (1992, 1993) also used
Page 69 and 70: Composite-Wrapped Concrete Column K
Page 71 and 72: consumption and CO 2 emissions asso
Page 73 and 74: healthy, sustainable, durable, and
Page 75 and 76: Triple-glazed windows (about RSI-0.
Page 77 and 78: The building envelope is airtight a
Page 79 and 80: Maximum annual heating requirement
Page 81 and 82: Energy Performance During the first
Page 83 and 84: Roof framing Roof insulation Air ti
Page 85 and 86: Table 8 compares R-values and air t
Page 87 and 88: in.) diameter, it appears quite whi
Page 89 and 90: • an equivalent thermal transmitt
Page 91 and 92: 3. Heating, Ventilation, and Energy
Page 93 and 94: Locations that Work Well For buildi
Page 95 and 96: District Heating Considerations Arm
Page 97: • Particulates: the measured leve
Page 101 and 102: concentrated in a few integrated sp
Page 103 and 104: Snow drifting patterns, winds, temp
Page 105 and 106: Thermally Upgraded Wall Systems Thi
Page 107 and 108: Coastal Northern Regions For high-m
Page 109 and 110: Appendix A: Literature</str
Page 111 and 112: References Note: Unless otherwise i
Page 113 and 114: ———. 1994-1. “Designing Hou
Page 115 and 116: Diakun, D. 1997. “Portfolio: Nort
Page 117 and 118: Legget, R.F. and C.B. Crawford. 196
Page 119 and 120: , then select “Volume 2, 1999-200
show all

Literature Review on Building Envelope, Heating and ... - Beeshive.org

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?