Literature Review on Building Envelope, Heating and ... - Beeshive.org

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The hybrid heating/cooling wall system concept to use solar heat gain as well as recovered waste heat requires a heat exchanger and an air circulation fan that would require maintenance. The breathing wall concept uses innovative perforated aluminum foil sheets, but their manufacturing and economic benefits still need to be assessed. PERD-079: Task 2 - <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 78
3. Heating, Ventilation, and Energy Technologies Heating and Ventilating HVAC Design Considerations Meckler (1991) and Armstrong (1993) discussed design challenges of HVAC in the arctic regions of Alaska and Canada. Armstrong noted that the climate presents environmental challenges that must be recognized and addressed in every HVAC system design. The challenges result from extremes of cold, wind, snow, dry air, solar gain, and extended darkness. Climate Challenges: Alaska • Heating degree days range from 6697 heating degree days (base 65°F) in Ketchikan (at 55º 21 N´ latitude) to 20 341 heating degree days (base 65°F) in Barrow (at 71º 18 N´ latitude). • Snowfall varies greatly in Alaska. • Temperate coastal communities (e.g., Ketchikan) have an average annual snowfall of 94 cm (37 in.) and little accumulation over a few days. • South central and northern communities (e.g., Valdez) receive large quantities of snow; an average annual snowfall is 625 cm (246 in.) with a record snowfall in excess of 1524 cm (600 in.). Snow accumulates for most of the winter, and compacts to a depth of about 4 m (12 ft.). • Low temperatures can range from -57ºC (-70ºF) for weeks in interior areas to -34ºC (-30ºF) in south central and western areas and last for extended periods. Temperatures can reach 35ºC (95ºF) in summer. There is very little temperature swing from night to day during the winter months when there is little or no sun. • Wind speeds in excess of 200 km/h (125 mph) are common. The coastal areas are subjected to storms with hurricane force winds. • Summer days are long, particularly north of the Arctic Circle where the sun rises in the early summer and stays until fall. Continuous sunshine poses special challenges in dealing with solar gain that does not subside during the night. HVAC Design Considerations Meckler (1991) noted that design considerations for the arctic region differ from temperate climates and require greater attention to condensation on building envelope surfaces and glazing. In some areas, the moisture content of the outdoor air is almost zero for several months of the year, and heating without adequate humidification can result in an unacceptable indoor humidity level. Design of HVAC systems in such regions requires modifications to the common design methods used in temperate climates PERD-079: Task 2 - <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 79
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http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca Task 2: <
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DISCLAIMER This report presents a r
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3. Heating, Ventilation, and Energy
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List of Acronyms ach Air changes pe
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Executive Summary Canada’s region
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to 24 in.) in areas below the tree
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1. Introduction Background Canada
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Moisture Issues: Wood Frame Constru
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of Alaska museum where RH was 45%.
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Let Z w is warm side vapour resista
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c) Proposed Wall # 2 b) Proposed Wa
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Canada Mortgage and Housing Corpora
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Upgraded Thermal & Air Tightness Wa
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Single Stud Walls with Interior Str
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Standoff wall system Source: CHBA (
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• polyethylene air/vapour barrier
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Building Envelopes: Northern Canada
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• Climate: The Arctic climate in
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• Plumbing system: To solve conde
Page 39 and 40: • The SIP house required 264 hour
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Page 43 and 44: this case, a means of venting the r
Page 45 and 46: • High energy and transportation
Page 47 and 48: as well as at high altitudes, where
Page 49 and 50: Foundation construction in the perm
Page 51 and 52: oof assemblies, because the roof de
Page 53 and 54: • The roofing membrane, air/vapou
Page 55 and 56: • the coasts and islands with the
Page 57 and 58: Maritime Climate Indigenous Archite
Page 59 and 60: example, in cold climates, the comf
Page 61 and 62: Globally, domes constructed with ai
Page 63 and 64: time limitations existed for the bu
Page 65 and 66: Pier Foundation System Brooks (2000
Page 67 and 68: Kwok et al. (1992, 1993) also used
Page 69 and 70: Composite-Wrapped Concrete Column K
Page 71 and 72: consumption and CO 2 emissions asso
Page 73 and 74: healthy, sustainable, durable, and
Page 75 and 76: Triple-glazed windows (about RSI-0.
Page 77 and 78: The building envelope is airtight a
Page 79 and 80: Maximum annual heating requirement
Page 81 and 82: Energy Performance During the first
Page 83 and 84: Roof framing Roof insulation Air ti
Page 85 and 86: Table 8 compares R-values and air t
Page 87 and 88: in.) diameter, it appears quite whi
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Page 93 and 94: Locations that Work Well For buildi
Page 95 and 96: District Heating Considerations Arm
Page 97 and 98: • Particulates: the measured leve
Page 99 and 100: 4. Socio-Economic Issues The Vegeta
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Page 103 and 104: Snow drifting patterns, winds, temp
Page 105 and 106: Thermally Upgraded Wall Systems Thi
Page 107 and 108: Coastal Northern Regions For high-m
Page 109 and 110: Appendix A: Literature</str
Page 111 and 112: References Note: Unless otherwise i
Page 113 and 114: ———. 1994-1. “Designing Hou
Page 115 and 116: Diakun, D. 1997. “Portfolio: Nort
Page 117 and 118: Legget, R.F. and C.B. Crawford. 196
Page 119 and 120: , then select “Volume 2, 1999-200
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