Literature Review on Building Envelope, Heating and ... - Beeshive.org

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The Eagle Lake Healthy House The North Series # 5 (CMHC, 2001-2003) provides guidance for constructing healthy and environmentally friendly housing in Northern Canada. The document describes a demonstration project, the Northern Healthy House, built for the Eagle Lake First Nation in Northern Ontario in 1997 as a solution to housing durability, affordability, water quality, and safety. The house construction was described earlier in section “ Zero-Energy Sustainable Houses”. Healthy features included: Low VOC paint was used on the walls. Cabinets were made of boards that combine straw fibres and non-toxic resins. The radiant floor heating does not stir up dust compared to forced air systems. A balanced HRV continually provides fresh air and removes stale, moisture-laden air. Closets did not have conventional doors to allow for air movement to help prevent condensation and mould growth. Indoor Air Quality: Northwest Territories Housing Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (1991-3) reported the results of a survey of indoor air quality (IAQ) in 60 homes in seven communities in the Northwest Territories. The main objective was to identify potential IAQ issues resulting from improved construction techniques of energy-efficient homes. The IAQ testing was conducted during November and March to April. During this period, outdoor air temperatures were in the range –35ºC to –21ºC (-31ºF to -6ºF) and high winds and blizzards were common. The study resulted in the following conclusions. Indoor air temperature was up 28ºC (82ºF). • Indoor humidity: Over a seven-day period, relative humidity ranged from 9% to 46%, with an average of 25%. • Air tightness: Measured air change rates varied from 0.042 ach (quite tight) to 2.2 ach, with about half (35) the houses having air change rates below 0.3 ach. All houses tested in one community were below 0.3 ach. (The 0.3 ach was the required ventilation rate of the 1990 National Building Code.) The houses had operable exhaust fans or passive vents. Measured airflows from a sample of bathroom fans were in the range 5.5 to 14 L/s (12 to 30 cfm). The low fan flows, intermittent usage of fans, and tight building envelope explain the measured low air change rates. • Carbon dioxide: The highest CO 2 level measured indoors was 2000 ppm, which is lower than the 3500 ppm acceptable-long-term-exposure-range of Health Canada. Twenty-five of 54 houses tested included at least one location in the house with CO 2 levels above the 1000 ppm limit specified in ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 (ASHRAE, 1989). The CO 2 level is an indicator of occupancy density, but could also be from sources, such as wood fire stoves. • Formaldehyde: Only four houses showed levels above the target level of 0.05 ppm, but none were above the action level of 0.1 ppm set in the exposure guidelines of Health Canada. PERD-079: Task 2 - <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 84
• Particulates: the measured level was 167 µg/m 3 (10.4 µlb/ft 3 ), which is considerably higher than the 40 µg/m 3 (2.5 µlb/ft 3 ), acceptable long-term exposures level of Health Canada. • Radon gas: Levels were well below the Health Canada guidelines. • Microbial: Tests identified poor indoor quality conditions, but did not indicate any immediate health risk. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (1991-3) concluded that the low air change rates could be responsible for the decrease in indoor air quality in some homes studied. Alternative ventilation strategies to maintain the air change rate to a minimum level in the houses are needed. Energy Energy Solutions: Cold Climate Nelson and Rantama (1993) reviewed the evolution of low-energy buildings in Finland as driven by its cold climate, lack of energy resources, and environmental considerations. Finland’s northern region is characterized by six to seven months of sub-zero temperatures as low as -30ºC (-22ºF). The summer is short with continuous sunlight and temperatures up to 30ºC (86ºF). The authors noted several engineered low-energy solutions that take advantage of Finland’s climate conditions. Building Envelope Solutions • Use an integrated combination of concrete, steel, and timber. (The authors called it “combined structures.”) • Treat the roof structure as an integral part of the building envelope. This improves energy efficiency, as the roof is the most important component with regard to energyefficiency solutions. • Use prefabricated components and modules. • Target R-values for building envelope components are listed in Table 10. Table 10. Target R-Values for Low-Energy Houses in Finland Component U-Value (W/m 2 K) R-Value (h ft 2 F/Btu) RSI-Value (m 2 K/W) Wall 0.2 28 5.0 Floor 0.15 38 6.7 Window 1 6 1.0 Note: R-values are converted from U-values listed by Nelson and Rantama (1993). PERD-079: Task 2 - <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 85
Page 1 and 2:
http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca Task 2: <
Page 3 and 4:
DISCLAIMER This report presents a r
Page 5 and 6:
3. Heating, Ventilation, and Energy
Page 7 and 8:
List of Acronyms ach Air changes pe
Page 9 and 10:
Executive Summary Canada’s region
Page 11 and 12:
to 24 in.) in areas below the tree
Page 13 and 14:
1. Introduction Background Canada
Page 15 and 16:
Moisture Issues: Wood Frame Constru
Page 17 and 18:
of Alaska museum where RH was 45%.
Page 19 and 20:
Let Z w is warm side vapour resista
Page 21 and 22:
c) Proposed Wall # 2 b) Proposed Wa
Page 23 and 24:
Canada Mortgage and Housing Corpora
Page 25 and 26:
Upgraded Thermal & Air Tightness Wa
Page 27 and 28:
Single Stud Walls with Interior Str
Page 29 and 30:
Standoff wall system Source: CHBA (
Page 31 and 32:
• polyethylene air/vapour barrier
Page 33 and 34:
Building Envelopes: Northern Canada
Page 35 and 36:
• Climate: The Arctic climate in
Page 37 and 38:
• Plumbing system: To solve conde
Page 39 and 40:
• The SIP house required 264 hour
Page 41 and 42:
• The attached sunspace did not p
Page 43 and 44:
this case, a means of venting the r
Page 45 and 46: • High energy and transportation
Page 47 and 48: as well as at high altitudes, where
Page 49 and 50: Foundation construction in the perm
Page 51 and 52: oof assemblies, because the roof de
Page 53 and 54: • The roofing membrane, air/vapou
Page 55 and 56: • the coasts and islands with the
Page 57 and 58: Maritime Climate Indigenous Archite
Page 59 and 60: example, in cold climates, the comf
Page 61 and 62: Globally, domes constructed with ai
Page 63 and 64: time limitations existed for the bu
Page 65 and 66: Pier Foundation System Brooks (2000
Page 67 and 68: Kwok et al. (1992, 1993) also used
Page 69 and 70: Composite-Wrapped Concrete Column K
Page 71 and 72: consumption and CO 2 emissions asso
Page 73 and 74: healthy, sustainable, durable, and
Page 75 and 76: Triple-glazed windows (about RSI-0.
Page 77 and 78: The building envelope is airtight a
Page 79 and 80: Maximum annual heating requirement
Page 81 and 82: Energy Performance During the first
Page 83 and 84: Roof framing Roof insulation Air ti
Page 85 and 86: Table 8 compares R-values and air t
Page 87 and 88: in.) diameter, it appears quite whi
Page 89 and 90: • an equivalent thermal transmitt
Page 91 and 92: 3. Heating, Ventilation, and Energy
Page 93 and 94: Locations that Work Well For buildi
Page 95: District Heating Considerations Arm
Page 99 and 100: 4. Socio-Economic Issues The Vegeta
Page 101 and 102: concentrated in a few integrated sp
Page 103 and 104: Snow drifting patterns, winds, temp
Page 105 and 106: Thermally Upgraded Wall Systems Thi
Page 107 and 108: Coastal Northern Regions For high-m
Page 109 and 110: Appendix A: Literature</str
Page 111 and 112: References Note: Unless otherwise i
Page 113 and 114: ———. 1994-1. “Designing Hou
Page 115 and 116: Diakun, D. 1997. “Portfolio: Nort
Page 117 and 118: Legget, R.F. and C.B. Crawford. 196
Page 119 and 120: , then select “Volume 2, 1999-200
show all

Literature Review on Building Envelope, Heating and ... - Beeshive.org

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?