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Investigators noted that the SIP is a good product, but needs to be properly installed. The detailing associated with SIPs must be installed right particularly in a climate like Juneau, Alaska with 90 inches (2300 mm) of annual rain and 9000 heating degree F days. Thermal performance in laboratory studies: Laboratory tests suggested that a 100 mm (4 in.) thick SIP wall rated RSI-2.6 (R-15) outperformed a 150 mm (6 in.) thick wood frame wall insulated with fibreglass and rated RSI-3.3 (R-19) (EDU, 2001). The results were based on whole-wall R-value, which is considered to be more representative to field performance than the wall’s rated value. The whole-wall R-value accounts for the thermal losses associated with framing (studs, headers, plates, etc.), which account for about 15% to 25% of the wall area. Thermal bridging accounts for about 13% loss in the whole-wall R-value of a 150 mm (6 in.) thick SIP wall compared to about 28% loss in the whole-wall R-value of a 150 mm (6 in.) thick wood frame wall. Table 2 compares the whole-wall R-value for a SIP wall and two wood frame walls. Table 2. Rated and Whole-Wall RSI (R) Values of SIP and Wood Frame Walls Wall Type Rated Whole Wall 100 mm (4 in.) thick SIP wall 2.6 (15) 2.5 (14) 38 x 139 mm (2 x 6) wood stud, fibreglass 38 x 89 mm (2 x 4) wood stud, fibreglass Source: EDU (2001). 3.3 (19) 2.4 (13.7) 1.9 (11) 1.7 (9.8) Based on whole-wall R-values, the R-value for a 100 mm (4 in.) thick SIP wall (R-14) is slightly higher than R-value (R-13.7) for a 38 x 139 mm (2 x 6) wood stud with fibreglass insulation. The study results suggest that upgrading to 100 mm (4 in.) thick SIP walls would be economically better than upgrading wall framing from 38 x 89 mm (2 x 4) construction to 38 x 139 mm (2 x 6). Energy Efficient Houses, Northern Canada Keewatin District Energy Efficient Housing Project Seven high energy-efficient houses were built in Keewatin District, Northwest Territories, in 1980 and 1981 (CMHC, 1994-2). Design heat loss was 14% less than conventional housing, and air tightness was twice that of conventional construction. The ceiling, floor, and walls were heavily insulated: ceiling RSI-10.5 (R-60), floor RSI-8.8 (R-50), and walls RSI-7 (R-40). Thick walls, 27.9 cm (11 in.) were designed to accommodate the insulation. The thick walls also facilitated the construction of rigid and airtight joints at the floor and the ceiling. The foundation is a continuous-span laminated beam system that rests on a gravel pad. Several lessons were learned from the Keewatin District project. • Inefficiencies in the space heating system detracted from the projected performance. PERD-079: Task 2 - <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 28
• The attached sunspace did not provide the expected benefits; overheating in summer and serving only as a windbreak in winter. • Full height wall/roof trusses proved to be difficult to construct in northern conditions. • Floor plans need to be developed in consultation with the intended occupants. Hay River Energy-Efficient Housing Project Five energy-efficient prefabricated houses were constructed in 1988 in Hay River, Northwest Territories (CMHC, 1994-3). Houses 1 and 3 are each 118.5 m 2 (1275 sq. ft.), and the remaining three are 129.6 m 2 (1395 sq. ft.) each. The houses were constructed close to R-2000 standards and monitored for one year. There was an unheated crawl space under the house as well as an unheated air lock entry. • Floor: Insulated to a total of RSI-7 (R-40) of batt insulation. The floor assembly was constructed of 16 mm (5/8 in.) tongue and groove plywood that was glued at the seams to function as a vapour barrier. A 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) particleboard was glued to the plywood. • Walls: Wall insulation, total RSI-4.9 (R-28), consisted of RSI-3.5 (R-20) batts and 38 mm (1 ½ in.) styrofoam. • Ceiling: High-heel roof trusses were used that accommodate three layers of batt insulation for a total of RSI-10.5 (R-60). • Windows: Double-glazed low-e windows were installed. • Doors: Insulated metal doors with RSI-2.6 (R-15) were used. • Energy performance: Energy consumption was 25% to 30% higher than predicted. The reasons noted included high indoor air temperatures averaging from 21ºC to 28ºC (70ºF to 82ºF), high air change rates up to 1.8 ach at 50 Pa, and high occupancy. Design Considerations and Strategies Building Practices for Northern Facilities The publication, Good Building Practice for Northern Facilities (NWT, 2000) presents design considerations and guidelines for performance, materials, and construction methods for buildings and facilities. The technical guidelines are based on the proven successful performance of materials and construction methods in the northern climate. The guidelines are provided where more stringent requirements than the National Building Code and local municipal requirements are needed. The guidelines incorporate observations from builders, designers, operators, and users. The following review of the 2000 edition focuses on the additional requirements to the 1995 National Building Code. • Climate: Conditions vary within the NWT, particularly, above and below the treeline regions. Variations include the snow drifting pattern, wind, temperatures, and PERD-079: Task 2 - <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 29
Page 1 and 2: http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca Task 2: <
Page 3 and 4: DISCLAIMER This report presents a r
Page 5 and 6: 3. Heating, Ventilation, and Energy
Page 7 and 8: List of Acronyms ach Air changes pe
Page 9 and 10: Executive Summary Canada’s region
Page 11 and 12: to 24 in.) in areas below the tree
Page 13 and 14: 1. Introduction Background Canada
Page 15 and 16: Moisture Issues: Wood Frame Constru
Page 17 and 18: of Alaska museum where RH was 45%.
Page 19 and 20: Let Z w is warm side vapour resista
Page 21 and 22: c) Proposed Wall # 2 b) Proposed Wa
Page 23 and 24: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corpora
Page 25 and 26: Upgraded Thermal & Air Tightness Wa
Page 27 and 28: Single Stud Walls with Interior Str
Page 29 and 30: Standoff wall system Source: CHBA (
Page 31 and 32: • polyethylene air/vapour barrier
Page 33 and 34: Building Envelopes: Northern Canada
Page 35 and 36: • Climate: The Arctic climate in
Page 37 and 38: • Plumbing system: To solve conde
Page 39: • The SIP house required 264 hour
Page 43 and 44: this case, a means of venting the r
Page 45 and 46: • High energy and transportation
Page 47 and 48: as well as at high altitudes, where
Page 49 and 50: Foundation construction in the perm
Page 51 and 52: oof assemblies, because the roof de
Page 53 and 54: • The roofing membrane, air/vapou
Page 55 and 56: • the coasts and islands with the
Page 57 and 58: Maritime Climate Indigenous Archite
Page 59 and 60: example, in cold climates, the comf
Page 61 and 62: Globally, domes constructed with ai
Page 63 and 64: time limitations existed for the bu
Page 65 and 66: Pier Foundation System Brooks (2000
Page 67 and 68: Kwok et al. (1992, 1993) also used
Page 69 and 70: Composite-Wrapped Concrete Column K
Page 71 and 72: consumption and CO 2 emissions asso
Page 73 and 74: healthy, sustainable, durable, and
Page 75 and 76: Triple-glazed windows (about RSI-0.
Page 77 and 78: The building envelope is airtight a
Page 79 and 80: Maximum annual heating requirement
Page 81 and 82: Energy Performance During the first
Page 83 and 84: Roof framing Roof insulation Air ti
Page 85 and 86: Table 8 compares R-values and air t
Page 87 and 88: in.) diameter, it appears quite whi
Page 89 and 90: • an equivalent thermal transmitt
Page 91 and 92:
3. Heating, Ventilation, and Energy
Page 93 and 94:
Locations that Work Well For buildi
Page 95 and 96:
District Heating Considerations Arm
Page 97 and 98:
• Particulates: the measured leve
Page 99 and 100:
4. Socio-Economic Issues The Vegeta
Page 101 and 102:
concentrated in a few integrated sp
Page 103 and 104:
Snow drifting patterns, winds, temp
Page 105 and 106:
Thermally Upgraded Wall Systems Thi
Page 107 and 108:
Coastal Northern Regions For high-m
Page 109 and 110:
Appendix A: Literature</str
Page 111 and 112:
References Note: Unless otherwise i
Page 113 and 114:
———. 1994-1. “Designing Hou
Page 115 and 116:
Diakun, D. 1997. “Portfolio: Nort
Page 117 and 118:
Legget, R.F. and C.B. Crawford. 196
Page 119 and 120:
, then select “Volume 2, 1999-200
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