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• North Series # 4 Residential Foundation Systems for Permafrost Regions discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and anticipated life span and life cycle costs of various foundation options for northern climate conditions. Decision flow diagrams aid in the selection of the appropriate type of foundation depending on soil conditions and the availability of appropriate equipment and skilled labour. Foundation systems are described below. • North Series # 5 Eagle Lake Healthy House provides guidance for building healthy housing in the north, and describes a house demonstration project in Eagle Lake First Nations, Northern Ontario. The house is described below. • North Series # 6 Arctic Hot Roof Design presents an arctic roof design that can withstand northern environmental conditions, where there is little annual precipitation and prevalent blowing snow conditions in long winters. The arctic hot roof system has been used successfully in the north in houses and large buildings for about 15 years. Roof systems are described below. • North Series # 8 How to Prevent Plumbing and Heating Vent Stack Freeze-Up presents strategies for preventing the freeze-up of plumbing and heating vent stacks. This is discussed in more detail in the next section. • North Series # 9 Fancoil Integrated Combination Heat and Domestic Hot Water Systems describes the integration of the traditional two separate systems for space heating and domestic hot water into one energy-efficient system. This is discussed in more detail in the next section. Building Envelope Examples, Northern Canada The wood frame building envelope system is common in northern Canada. The wall assembly includes 38 x 139 mm (2 x 6) lumber for structure, plywood or OSB for sheathing, and mineral wool or fibreglass batt for insulation in the stud space as well as semi-rigid insulation over the wood strapping. An air barrier membrane is applied on the cold side of the insulation and a vapour barrier membrane is applied on the warm side of the insulation. Galvanized steel siding is common. In some areas, structural panel siding of engineered wood strands replaces sheathing and is nailed directly to the studs. The panels are prefinished and treated to resist moisture and fungal rot. Wood Frame Assembly The following are two examples of wood frame construction common in Northern Canada. Nunavik, Quebec example: Angers (1999) described the wood frame construction used in Nunavik, an area consisting of one third of the Province of Quebec. To put it in perspective, Nunavik is the same size as all of France, and 1.5 time bigger than Japan. PERD-079: Task 2 - <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 22
• Climate: The Arctic climate in Nunavik is characterized by a long eight months of winter and temperatures that can reach -40ºC (-40ºF). Ground is permanently frozen (permafrost). • Transportation challenges: Prefabricated construction materials are transported by boat from Montréal, which takes about seven days. Extra care is needed, because there is no port infrastructure in Nunavik. Figure 5. Ceiling Assembly, Nunavik, Quebec Source: Angers (1999). • Foundation: Buildings are elevated on steel frames equipped with adjustable jacks. Elevating the building minimizes effects on the permafrost instability and reduces snowdrift accumulation near the building. Vegetation is also left intact under the compacted backfill, which helps to stabilize the terrain. • Wind and snow drifting: Buildings are designed without eves and the roof slope is moderate (one in three) to prevent vibration during storms and excessive snow accumulation. • Roof: The thermal resistance of the roof (Figure 4) is RSI-7.7 (R-44) as compared to RSI-7.1 (R-40) in southern Quebec. • Exterior walls: The thermal resistance of walls is RSI-4.9 (R-28) compared to RSI- 4.5 (R-26) in southern Quebec. Figure 5 shows the assembly of exterior walls. PERD-079: Task 2 - <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 23
Page 1 and 2: http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca Task 2: <
Page 3 and 4: DISCLAIMER This report presents a r
Page 5 and 6: 3. Heating, Ventilation, and Energy
Page 7 and 8: List of Acronyms ach Air changes pe
Page 9 and 10: Executive Summary Canada’s region
Page 11 and 12: to 24 in.) in areas below the tree
Page 13 and 14: 1. Introduction Background Canada
Page 15 and 16: Moisture Issues: Wood Frame Constru
Page 17 and 18: of Alaska museum where RH was 45%.
Page 19 and 20: Let Z w is warm side vapour resista
Page 21 and 22: c) Proposed Wall # 2 b) Proposed Wa
Page 23 and 24: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corpora
Page 25 and 26: Upgraded Thermal & Air Tightness Wa
Page 27 and 28: Single Stud Walls with Interior Str
Page 29 and 30: Standoff wall system Source: CHBA (
Page 31 and 32: • polyethylene air/vapour barrier
Page 33: Building Envelopes: Northern Canada
Page 37 and 38: • Plumbing system: To solve conde
Page 39 and 40: • The SIP house required 264 hour
Page 41 and 42: • The attached sunspace did not p
Page 43 and 44: this case, a means of venting the r
Page 45 and 46: • High energy and transportation
Page 47 and 48: as well as at high altitudes, where
Page 49 and 50: Foundation construction in the perm
Page 51 and 52: oof assemblies, because the roof de
Page 53 and 54: • The roofing membrane, air/vapou
Page 55 and 56: • the coasts and islands with the
Page 57 and 58: Maritime Climate Indigenous Archite
Page 59 and 60: example, in cold climates, the comf
Page 61 and 62: Globally, domes constructed with ai
Page 63 and 64: time limitations existed for the bu
Page 65 and 66: Pier Foundation System Brooks (2000
Page 67 and 68: Kwok et al. (1992, 1993) also used
Page 69 and 70: Composite-Wrapped Concrete Column K
Page 71 and 72: consumption and CO 2 emissions asso
Page 73 and 74: healthy, sustainable, durable, and
Page 75 and 76: Triple-glazed windows (about RSI-0.
Page 77 and 78: The building envelope is airtight a
Page 79 and 80: Maximum annual heating requirement
Page 81 and 82: Energy Performance During the first
Page 83 and 84: Roof framing Roof insulation Air ti
Page 85 and 86:
Table 8 compares R-values and air t
Page 87 and 88:
in.) diameter, it appears quite whi
Page 89 and 90:
• an equivalent thermal transmitt
Page 91 and 92:
3. Heating, Ventilation, and Energy
Page 93 and 94:
Locations that Work Well For buildi
Page 95 and 96:
District Heating Considerations Arm
Page 97 and 98:
• Particulates: the measured leve
Page 99 and 100:
4. Socio-Economic Issues The Vegeta
Page 101 and 102:
concentrated in a few integrated sp
Page 103 and 104:
Snow drifting patterns, winds, temp
Page 105 and 106:
Thermally Upgraded Wall Systems Thi
Page 107 and 108:
Coastal Northern Regions For high-m
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Appendix A: Literature</str
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References Note: Unless otherwise i
Page 113 and 114:
———. 1994-1. “Designing Hou
Page 115 and 116:
Diakun, D. 1997. “Portfolio: Nort
Page 117 and 118:
Legget, R.F. and C.B. Crawford. 196
Page 119 and 120:
, then select “Volume 2, 1999-200
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