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This reduces water consumption by up to 30% and reduces the septic field area. The latter reduces the construction cost and the environmental impact of a large septic bed. The sun and wind provide 20% of the energy requirement, which reduces consumption of non-renewable resources. Large windows in the south-facing walls increase the potential of solar gain. Stored heat in the concrete slab and the double layers of drywall provide a natural heat source. Also 300 x 300 mm (12 x 12 in.) ceramic tile flooring, in addition to providing durability and low maintenance, helps with thermal energy storage. The fibre cement siding is more durable than typical wood fibre or vinyl siding. Special faucets, the toilet, shower, and washing machine use less water than conventional ones. Affordability features: With overall energy savings up to 40% and a reduced upfront cost for connecting the house to conventional utilities, costs were down. The Saskatoon Super-Insulated House Dumont (2000) described his family super-insulated, two-storey, four bedrooms, 245 m 2 (2640 sq. ft.) house (excluding basement), built in 1992 in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (52° north latitude). The house was described as the best insulated in the world with the lowest heat loss coefficient per square metre of floor area of any house anywhere. Dumont built the house as a model for energy efficiency and sustainable construction that minimizes energy use, uses renewable energy sources and recycled materials, and generally minimizes the impact of the house construction and operation on the environment. Dumont argued that using extra insulation is a simple, effective way to reduce energy consumption and thus reduce fossil fuel consumption. Because insulation has no moving parts; it will last indefinitely provided it is protected from the elements with proper vapour and weather barriers. In a Saskatoon climate is characterized by an average temperature in January of -18°C (0°F), annual heating degree days of 10 900 (base 65°F), 2400 hours of bright sunshine each year, and a winter design temperature of -34°C (-30°F). The energy efficiency features included the following. The building envelope included extra insulation compared to the conventional RSI-3.5 (R-20) value. Blown-in cellulose insulation was used because of its green characteristics. The attic has RSI-14.1 (R-80), the walls (including basement walls) RSI-10.6 (R-60), and the basement floor RSI-6.2 (R-35). The wall assembly included double 38 x 89 mm (2 x 4) stud walls (400 mm/16 in. total wall thickness) to accommodate extra insulation. 6-mil poly air and vapour barrier placed on the warm side of the insulation. Blown-in cellulose insulation in the stud space. The double wall thickness with high-density cellulose insulation increased the wall mass, which increased the thermal mass of the wall and reduced noise transmission. PERD-079: Task 2 - <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 62
Triple-glazed windows (about RSI-0.9 (R-5)) with two low-e coatings, argon gas fill, low conductivity spacer bars, and wood frames were used. The injected cellulose insulation made the building envelope more airtight as compared to using fibreglass insulation. Additional measures ensured good air tightness of the building envelope. All joints in the air/vapour barrier were carefully sealed with acoustical sealant; the rim joists were wrapped with Tyvek® that was sealed to the poly. The blower door test result for the house was 0.47 ach at 50 Pa. The Canadian R-2000 standard is 1.5 ach at 50 Pa. Indoor air quality features included the following. A balanced heat recovery ventilator (HRV) included a high-efficiency double-core plate airto-air heat exchanger. The HRV unit was run continuously at 100 CFM (47 litres per second) to ensure a high indoor air quality. Dry basement systems prevent mould and mildew growth. Installing exterior perimeter water drainage and proofing, and insulating the floor slab (RSI-6.2 (R-35)) accomplished this. Particleboard, OSB, wall-to-wall carpets, and vinyl flooring were avoided to avoid off gassing of volatile organic compounds (VOC). Douglas fir plywood for the sub-floor, solid hemlock fir joists, and prefinished solid oak strip and ceramic tiles were used for flooring. Kitchen cabinets and vanities were birch plywood and solid oak. Low-VOC paints were used. Green features included the following. Scrap gypsum was added to the interior walls to cut down on landfill waste and provide additional thermal mass, which helped moderate the temperature swing in the house caused by solar gain. In summer, the flywheel effect of the walls’ thermal mass kept the home cooler during the heat of the day and warmer during the night and early morning hours. No air conditioning was needed, because of the fenestration design and overhangs on all the south windows that limit overheating during the summer period. Also, efficient appliances were used to reduce internal heat gains. Compact fluorescent and T8 lamps were used for lighting. Shiny reflectors were used over the kitchen light to enhance lighting quality. Decorative shutters on the smaller north-facing windows gave the appearance of larger windows without the heat loss and poor solar performance that accompanies large north windows during the coldest part of the winter. The house was oriented so windows faced south for passive solar gain. An active solar hot water system with 15.6 m 2 (168 sq. ft.) of selective-surface liquid solar panels had a low-cost wood-framed, EPDM -lined tank, which holds about 5300 litres (1400 US gallons) of water. This large water tank improves the year-round efficiency of the solar collection. The hot water in the tank is used to heat the domestic hot water and also heats the house. This operates via a water-to-air heat exchanger within the forced air furnace, which uses a brushless direct current fan motor. The fan provides about 800 cfm (376 PERD-079: Task 2 - <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 63
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http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca Task 2: <
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DISCLAIMER This report presents a r
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3. Heating, Ventilation, and Energy
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List of Acronyms ach Air changes pe
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Executive Summary Canada’s region
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to 24 in.) in areas below the tree
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1. Introduction Background Canada
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Moisture Issues: Wood Frame Constru
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of Alaska museum where RH was 45%.
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Let Z w is warm side vapour resista
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c) Proposed Wall # 2 b) Proposed Wa
Page 23 and 24: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corpora
Page 25 and 26: Upgraded Thermal & Air Tightness Wa
Page 27 and 28: Single Stud Walls with Interior Str
Page 29 and 30: Standoff wall system Source: CHBA (
Page 31 and 32: • polyethylene air/vapour barrier
Page 33 and 34: Building Envelopes: Northern Canada
Page 35 and 36: • Climate: The Arctic climate in
Page 37 and 38: • Plumbing system: To solve conde
Page 39 and 40: • The SIP house required 264 hour
Page 41 and 42: • The attached sunspace did not p
Page 43 and 44: this case, a means of venting the r
Page 45 and 46: • High energy and transportation
Page 47 and 48: as well as at high altitudes, where
Page 49 and 50: Foundation construction in the perm
Page 51 and 52: oof assemblies, because the roof de
Page 53 and 54: • The roofing membrane, air/vapou
Page 55 and 56: • the coasts and islands with the
Page 57 and 58: Maritime Climate Indigenous Archite
Page 59 and 60: example, in cold climates, the comf
Page 61 and 62: Globally, domes constructed with ai
Page 63 and 64: time limitations existed for the bu
Page 65 and 66: Pier Foundation System Brooks (2000
Page 67 and 68: Kwok et al. (1992, 1993) also used
Page 69 and 70: Composite-Wrapped Concrete Column K
Page 71 and 72: consumption and CO 2 emissions asso
Page 73: healthy, sustainable, durable, and
Page 77 and 78: The building envelope is airtight a
Page 79 and 80: Maximum annual heating requirement
Page 81 and 82: Energy Performance During the first
Page 83 and 84: Roof framing Roof insulation Air ti
Page 85 and 86: Table 8 compares R-values and air t
Page 87 and 88: in.) diameter, it appears quite whi
Page 89 and 90: • an equivalent thermal transmitt
Page 91 and 92: 3. Heating, Ventilation, and Energy
Page 93 and 94: Locations that Work Well For buildi
Page 95 and 96: District Heating Considerations Arm
Page 97 and 98: • Particulates: the measured leve
Page 99 and 100: 4. Socio-Economic Issues The Vegeta
Page 101 and 102: concentrated in a few integrated sp
Page 103 and 104: Snow drifting patterns, winds, temp
Page 105 and 106: Thermally Upgraded Wall Systems Thi
Page 107 and 108: Coastal Northern Regions For high-m
Page 109 and 110: Appendix A: Literature</str
Page 111 and 112: References Note: Unless otherwise i
Page 113 and 114: ———. 1994-1. “Designing Hou
Page 115 and 116: Diakun, D. 1997. “Portfolio: Nort
Page 117 and 118: Legget, R.F. and C.B. Crawford. 196
Page 119 and 120: , then select “Volume 2, 1999-200
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