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dimensional computer model (MOIST), which could only provide approximate average moisture performance for actual three-dimensional physical conditions. The authors noted that, during winter, more moisture might accumulate in the walls of prefabricated houses than those built on site, because they are fabricated tighter and thus have lower air infiltration rates and thus lower potential drying out of the wall. Table 1 compares the assemblies of prefabricated walls and the proposed walls. Table 1. Assemblies of Prefabricated Walls: 1995 Practice and Proposed Walls by Burch et al. 1995 Practice Wall Assembly Proposed Wall # 1 (Variable-permeancecladdings wall) Proposed Wall # 2 (Sandwich panel wall with low-permeability insulation) Latex paint, vinyl wallpaper, or kraft paper 7.9 mm (5/16 in.) gypsum board 89 mm (3.5 in.) glass fibre insulation 12.7 mm (½ in.) fibreboard sheathing Latex paint 7.9 mm (5/16 in.) gypsum board 12.7 mm (½ in.) exterior grade plywood 89 mm (3.5 in.) glass fibre insulation 12.7 mm (½ in.) exterior grade plywood Latex paint 7.9 mm (5/16 in.) gypsum board 11.9 mm (5/32 in.) OSB 89 mm (3.5 in.) expanded polystyrene insulation (molded beads) 11.9 mm (5/32 in) OSB Aluminum siding Latex paint Lapped vinyl siding Vapour Retarder Requirement The 1993 Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) include the following moisture control practice rules for prefabricated homes. 1. Install an interior vapour retarder with a permeance of 57 ng/s m 2 Pa (1 perm) or less, or 2. use permeable sheathing and siding that has a combined permeance higher than 290 ng/s m 2 Pa (5 perm), or 3. provide an outdoor ventilated cavity between the siding and wall insulation. An interior vapour retarder is not required in prefabricated homes when one of the first two options is used. Burch et al. (1995) decided not to consider the third moisture control option, because literature showed that a ventilated cavity might provide poor moisture performance in both hot and humid, and cold climates. The authors considered the combined permeance of the fibreboard sheathing and the aluminum siding to be considerably greater than the 5 perm required by option 2 of the HUD standards. Therefore, the HUD standards do not require this wall to have an interior vapour barrier. PERD-079: Task 2 - <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 8
c) Proposed Wall # 2 b) Proposed Wall # 1 a) 1995 Current Practice Figure 1. Assemblies of Prefabricated Walls: 1995 Practice and Proposed Walls by Burch et al. (Source: Burch et al. 1995, Figures 1 and 5). PERD-079: Task 2 - <strong>Literature</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 9
Page 1 and 2: http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca Task 2: <
Page 3 and 4: DISCLAIMER This report presents a r
Page 5 and 6: 3. Heating, Ventilation, and Energy
Page 7 and 8: List of Acronyms ach Air changes pe
Page 9 and 10: Executive Summary Canada’s region
Page 11 and 12: to 24 in.) in areas below the tree
Page 13 and 14: 1. Introduction Background Canada
Page 15 and 16: Moisture Issues: Wood Frame Constru
Page 17 and 18: of Alaska museum where RH was 45%.
Page 19: Let Z w is warm side vapour resista
Page 23 and 24: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corpora
Page 25 and 26: Upgraded Thermal & Air Tightness Wa
Page 27 and 28: Single Stud Walls with Interior Str
Page 29 and 30: Standoff wall system Source: CHBA (
Page 31 and 32: • polyethylene air/vapour barrier
Page 33 and 34: Building Envelopes: Northern Canada
Page 35 and 36: • Climate: The Arctic climate in
Page 37 and 38: • Plumbing system: To solve conde
Page 39 and 40: • The SIP house required 264 hour
Page 41 and 42: • The attached sunspace did not p
Page 43 and 44: this case, a means of venting the r
Page 45 and 46: • High energy and transportation
Page 47 and 48: as well as at high altitudes, where
Page 49 and 50: Foundation construction in the perm
Page 51 and 52: oof assemblies, because the roof de
Page 53 and 54: • The roofing membrane, air/vapou
Page 55 and 56: • the coasts and islands with the
Page 57 and 58: Maritime Climate Indigenous Archite
Page 59 and 60: example, in cold climates, the comf
Page 61 and 62: Globally, domes constructed with ai
Page 63 and 64: time limitations existed for the bu
Page 65 and 66: Pier Foundation System Brooks (2000
Page 67 and 68: Kwok et al. (1992, 1993) also used
Page 69 and 70: Composite-Wrapped Concrete Column K
Page 71 and 72:
consumption and CO 2 emissions asso
Page 73 and 74:
healthy, sustainable, durable, and
Page 75 and 76:
Triple-glazed windows (about RSI-0.
Page 77 and 78:
The building envelope is airtight a
Page 79 and 80:
Maximum annual heating requirement
Page 81 and 82:
Energy Performance During the first
Page 83 and 84:
Roof framing Roof insulation Air ti
Page 85 and 86:
Table 8 compares R-values and air t
Page 87 and 88:
in.) diameter, it appears quite whi
Page 89 and 90:
• an equivalent thermal transmitt
Page 91 and 92:
3. Heating, Ventilation, and Energy
Page 93 and 94:
Locations that Work Well For buildi
Page 95 and 96:
District Heating Considerations Arm
Page 97 and 98:
• Particulates: the measured leve
Page 99 and 100:
4. Socio-Economic Issues The Vegeta
Page 101 and 102:
concentrated in a few integrated sp
Page 103 and 104:
Snow drifting patterns, winds, temp
Page 105 and 106:
Thermally Upgraded Wall Systems Thi
Page 107 and 108:
Coastal Northern Regions For high-m
Page 109 and 110:
Appendix A: Literature</str
Page 111 and 112:
References Note: Unless otherwise i
Page 113 and 114:
———. 1994-1. “Designing Hou
Page 115 and 116:
Diakun, D. 1997. “Portfolio: Nort
Page 117 and 118:
Legget, R.F. and C.B. Crawford. 196
Page 119 and 120:
, then select “Volume 2, 1999-200
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