ASTM C 78, Standard Test Method <strong>for</strong> Flexural <strong>Strength</strong> of <strong>Concrete</strong> (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading), American Society <strong>for</strong> Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 1994, 3 pp. ASTM C 127, Standard Test Method <strong>for</strong> Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate, American Society <strong>for</strong> Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 1993, 5 pp. ASTM C 128, Standard Test Method <strong>for</strong> Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate, American Society <strong>for</strong> Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 1997, 5 pp. ASTM C 138, Standard Test Method <strong>for</strong> Unit Weight, Yield, and air Content (Gravimetric) of <strong>Concrete</strong>, American Society <strong>for</strong> Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2000, 3 pp. ASTM C 143, Standard Test Method <strong>for</strong> Slump of Hydraulic-Cement <strong>Concrete</strong>, American Society <strong>for</strong> Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 1998, 3 pp. ASTM C 150, Standard Specification <strong>for</strong> Portland Cement, American Society <strong>for</strong> Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2000. ASTM C 173, Standard Test Method <strong>for</strong> Air Content of Freshly Mixed <strong>Concrete</strong> by the Volumetric Method, American Society <strong>for</strong> Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 1994, 3 pp. ASTM C 231, Standard Test Method <strong>for</strong> Air Content of Freshly Mixed <strong>Concrete</strong> by the Pressure Method, American Society <strong>for</strong> Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 1994, 3 pp. ASTM C 260, Standard Specification <strong>for</strong> Air Entraining Admixtures <strong>for</strong> <strong>Concrete</strong>, American Society <strong>for</strong> Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2000, 3 pp. ASTM C 330, Standard Specification <strong>for</strong> <strong>Lightweight</strong> Aggregates <strong>for</strong> Structural <strong>Concrete</strong>, American Society <strong>for</strong> Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 1999, 4 pp. ASTM C 469, Standard Test Method <strong>for</strong> Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson’s Ratio of <strong>Concrete</strong> in Compression, American Society <strong>for</strong> Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 1994, 4 pp. ASTM C 494, Standard Specification <strong>for</strong> Chemical Admixtures <strong>for</strong> <strong>Concrete</strong>, American Society <strong>for</strong> Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 1999, 9 pp. ASTM C 496, Standard Test Method <strong>for</strong> Splitting Tensile <strong>Strength</strong> of Cylindrical <strong>Concrete</strong> Specimens, American Society <strong>for</strong> Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 1996, 4 pp. ASTM C 512, Standard Test Method <strong>for</strong> Creep of <strong>Concrete</strong> in Compression, American Society <strong>for</strong> Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 1992, 4 pp. References-2
ASTM C 618, Standard Specification <strong>for</strong> Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan <strong>for</strong> Use as a Mineral Admixture in <strong>Concrete</strong>, American Society <strong>for</strong> Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 1999, 4pp. ASTM C 1064, Standard Test Method <strong>for</strong> Temperature of Freshly Mixed Portland Cement <strong>Concrete</strong>, American Society <strong>for</strong> Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 1999, 2 pp. ASTM C 1231, Standard Practice <strong>for</strong> Use of Unbonded Caps in Determination of Compressive <strong>Strength</strong> of Hardened <strong>Concrete</strong> Cylinders, American Society <strong>for</strong> Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2000, 4 pp. Barnes, R. W., Burns, N. H., Kreger, M. E., “Development Length of 0.6-inch Prestressing Strand in Standard I-Shaped Pretensioned <strong>Concrete</strong> Beams,” Research Report 1388-1, Center <strong>for</strong> Transportation Research, Bureau of Engineering Research, The University of Texas at Austin, December 1999, 318 pp. Bender, B. F., “Economics and Use of <strong>Lightweight</strong> <strong>Concrete</strong> in Prestressed Structures,” PCI Journal, Vol. 35, No. 6, November-December 1980, pp. 62-67. Bilodeau, A., Chevrier, R., Malhotra, M., Hoff, G. C., “Mechanical Properties, Durability and Fire Resistance of <strong>High</strong>-<strong>Strength</strong> <strong>Lightweight</strong> <strong>Concrete</strong>,” Proceedings of the International Symposium on Structural <strong>Lightweight</strong> Aggregate <strong>Concrete</strong>, Sandefjord, Norway, June 1995, pp. 432-443. Bond of Rein<strong>for</strong>cement in <strong>Concrete</strong>, International Federation <strong>for</strong> Structural <strong>Concrete</strong> (fib) State-of-Art Report, Bulletin 10, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2000, 427 pp. Bremner, T. W., Holm, T. A., “Elastic Compatibility and the Behavior of <strong>Concrete</strong>,” ACI Journal, Vol. 83, No. 2, March-April 1986, pp. 244-250. Bremner, T. W., Holm, T. A., Ries, J. P., “Enhanced Hydration and Properties of Specified Density <strong>Concrete</strong>,” <strong>Expanded</strong> <strong>Shale</strong>, <strong>Clay</strong> and Slate Institute In<strong>for</strong>mation Sheet 4284.1, February 2001, 8 pp. Bremner, T. W., Newman, “Microstructure of Low Density <strong>Concrete</strong> Aggregate,” Proceedings of the Ninth Congress of the Federation Internationale de la Precontrainte, Volume 3, Commission Reports, Stockholm, June 1982. Brown, W. R., Davis, C. R., A Load Response Investigation of Long Term Per<strong>for</strong>mance of a Prestressed <strong>Lightweight</strong> <strong>Concrete</strong> Bridge at Fanning Springs, Florida, Final Report, No. FL/DOT/SMO-93-401, Florida Department of Transportation, April 1993, 66 pp. Buchberg, B. S. (2002) "Investigation of Mix Design and Properties of <strong>High</strong>-<strong>Strength</strong>/<strong>High</strong>- Per<strong>for</strong>mance <strong>Lightweight</strong> <strong>Concrete</strong>", School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, pp. 453. Buckner, C. D., “A Review of Strand Development Length <strong>for</strong> Pretensioned <strong>Concrete</strong> Members,” PCI Journal, Vol. 40, No. 2, March/April 1995, pp. 84-105. References-3
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School of Civil and Environmental E
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research presen
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A statistical evaluation based on f
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5.6 - Transfer Length 5-13 5.7 - Gi
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Report ACI 318- 99 AASHTO Standard
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Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Purpose
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Long term properties including pret
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ottom flange. Prestressing strands
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12500 12000 Concrete Strength, fc'
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Chapter 3. Mix Designs, Field Evalu
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Variation of coarse-to-fine aggrega
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3.2.1 Compressive Strength Figure 3
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Table 3.5 Chloride Permeability --
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12,000 11,500 11,000 Compressive St
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1,400 1,300 1,200 1,100 Experimenta
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strength (10L made in the laborator
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The 50% and 90% of the 620-day cree
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700 600 10,000-psi Measured Shams &
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a Creep Coefficient 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5
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Chapter 5. Behavior of AASHTO Type
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Portion of Girder Damaged During Te
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2” End Cover (Typ both ends) 4 Sp
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5.3 Instrumentation The surface of
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Figure 5.7 Installation of stirrups
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Table 5.3 Girder concrete propertie
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120 100 80 Stress (ksi) 60 40 20 0
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Table 5.5 -Transfer Length Results
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Figure 5.12 Typical flexural failur
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Since G2 girders had a higher concr
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V " pc cw− Pr ed = ft −Pr ed 1
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Test # Table 5.9 Predicted vs. Expe
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this research project, modification
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Chapter 6. Prestress Losses in HPLC
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losses in the 10,000-psi girders to
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Microstrains (in/inx10 -6 ) 0 500 1
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6.3 Conclusions Regarding Prestress
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7.3 Transfer Length An evaluation o
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Shrinkage after 620 days of drying
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More research is required to examin
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Appendix A. Background A.1 Introduc
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Raithby and Lydon described the use
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are normally recognized as being on
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aggregate must be saturated by pres
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A.7.2 Strength Ceiling Harmon discu
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compared to lower strength specimen
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A.8.8 Deatherage, Burdette and Chew
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3. Concrete compressive strength at
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findings were comments that the AAS
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- Page 99 and 100: l d = l t + l fb = f si 3 d b + 1.5
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- Page 111 and 112: t′: age of concrete at loading (d
- Page 113 and 114: s: slump (in) γ ψ ⎧ 0.30 −1.4
- Page 115 and 116: t: age of concrete (days) t 0 : age
- Page 117 and 118: where ε sh ∞ ⎧ 510 µε for st
- Page 119 and 120: left girder-end. The dimension L wa
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- Page 139 and 140: E ps : elastic modulus of prestress
- Page 141 and 142: D.2.2. AASHTO-LRFD Refined Estimate
- Page 143 and 144: ∆f log(24 ⋅t) ⎛ f ⎜ ⎞ 55
- Page 145 and 146: P i : initial prestressing force af
- Page 147: References AASHTO (1996), Standard
- Page 151 and 152: Guide for Structural Lightweight Ag
- Page 153 and 154: Martin, L. D., Scott, N. L., “Dev
- Page 155: Shahawy, M. A., Batchelor, B., “S
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