Neville, A. M. (1964) "Creep of <strong>Concrete</strong> as a Function of its cement Paste Content", Magazine of <strong>Concrete</strong> Research, V. 16 No.46: p. 21-30. Neville, A. M. (1996) "Properties of <strong>Concrete</strong>", Addison Wesley Logman Limited, New York. Neville, A. M., Dilger, W.H., and Brooks, J.J. (1983) "Creep of Plain and Rein<strong>for</strong>ced <strong>Concrete</strong>", Construction Press, London and New York. PCI (1998) "PCI Design Handbook, Precast and Prestressed <strong>Concrete</strong>", Precast / Prestressed <strong>Concrete</strong> Institute, Chicago. PCI-Committee on Prestress, L. (1975) "Recommendations <strong>for</strong> Estimating Prestress Losses", PCI Journal, V. 28 No.4: p. 43-75. Peterman, R. J., Ramirez, J. A., Olek, J., “Design of Semi-lightweight Bridge girders, Development Length Considerations,” Transportation Research Board Record 1696, Paper No. 5B0063, Transportation Research Board, 2000. Peterman, R. J., Ramirez, J. A., Olek, J., “Evaluation of Strand Transfer and Development Lengths in Pretensioned Girders with Semi-<strong>Lightweight</strong> <strong>Concrete</strong>,” Final Report,” Report FHWA/IN/JTRP-99/3, Purdue University, July 1999, 89 pp. Pfeiffer, D. W., “Sand Replacement in Structural <strong>Lightweight</strong> <strong>Concrete</strong>,” ACI Journal, Vol. 64, No. 7, July 1967, pp. 384-392. Raithby, K. D., Lydon, F. D., “<strong>Lightweight</strong> <strong>Concrete</strong> in <strong>High</strong>way Bridges,” The International Journal of Cement Composites and <strong>Lightweight</strong> <strong>Concrete</strong>, Vol. 2, No. 3, May 1981, pp. 133- 146. Ramirez, J., Olek, J., Rolle, E., Malone, B., “Per<strong>for</strong>mance of Bridge Decks and Girders with <strong>Lightweight</strong> Aggregate <strong>Concrete</strong>, Final Report,” Report FHWA/IN/JTRP-98/17, Purdue University, October 2000, 616 pp. Reutlinger, C., “Direct Pull-Out Capacity and transfer Length of 0.6-inch Diameter Prestressing Strand in <strong>High</strong>-Per<strong>for</strong>mance <strong>Concrete</strong>,” Masters Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, May 1999, 352 pp. Roberts, J. E., “<strong>Lightweight</strong> <strong>Concrete</strong> Bridges <strong>for</strong> Cali<strong>for</strong>nia <strong>High</strong>way System,” ACI SP 136, American <strong>Concrete</strong> Institute, Detroit, 1992, pp. 254-271. Roller, J. J., Russell, H.G., Bruce, R.N., and Martin, B.T. (1995) "Long-Term Per<strong>for</strong>mance of Prestressed, Pretensioned <strong>High</strong> <strong>Strength</strong> <strong>Concrete</strong> Bridge Girders", PCI Journal, V. 40 No.6: p. 48-59. Russell, B. W., “Design Guidelines <strong>for</strong> Transfer, Development and Debonding of Large Diameter Seven Wire Strands in Pretensioned <strong>Concrete</strong> Girders,” Doctoral Thesis, The University of Texas at Austin, 1992, 464 pp. References-8
Shahawy, M. A., Batchelor, B., “Shear Behavior of Full-Scale Prestressed <strong>Concrete</strong> Girders: Comparison Between AASHTO Specifications and LRFD Code,” PCI Journal, Vol. 41, No. 3, May-June 1996, pp. 48-62. Shams, M. K., and Kahn, L. F. (2000) "Time Dependent Behavior of <strong>High</strong>-Per<strong>for</strong>mance <strong>Concrete</strong>", School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA. Shams, M., “Time-Dependent Behavior of <strong>High</strong>-Per<strong>for</strong>mance <strong>Concrete</strong>,” Doctoral Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, May 2000, 572 pp. Shideler, J. J., “<strong>Lightweight</strong>-Aggregate <strong>Concrete</strong> <strong>for</strong> Structural Use,” Journal of the American <strong>Concrete</strong> Institute, Vol. 54, No. 10, October 1957, pp. 299-328. Sikes, G. H., Strougal, E. J., Meisner, J. L., “Computer Manual <strong>for</strong> Service Load Design of <strong>Concrete</strong> Bridge Slabs,” Georgia Department of Transportation, January 1999, 18 pp. Slapkus, A., and Kahn, L.F. (2002) "Evaluation of Georgia's <strong>High</strong> Per<strong>for</strong>mance <strong>Concrete</strong> Bridge", School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, pp. 382. Smeplass, S., “Moisture in Light Weight Aggregates – Practical Consequences <strong>for</strong> the Production Properties of Light Weight Aggregate <strong>Concrete</strong>”, Proceedings, Second International Symposium on Structural <strong>Lightweight</strong> Aggregate <strong>Concrete</strong>, Kristiansand, Norway, June, 2000. Valum, R., Nilsskog, J. E., “Production and Quality Control of <strong>High</strong> Per<strong>for</strong>mance <strong>Lightweight</strong> <strong>Concrete</strong> <strong>for</strong> the Raftsundet Bridge,” Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Utilization of <strong>High</strong> <strong>Strength</strong> / <strong>High</strong> Per<strong>for</strong>mance <strong>Concrete</strong>, Sandefjord, Norway, June 2000, pp. 909-918. Vaysburg, A., “Durability of <strong>Lightweight</strong> <strong>Concrete</strong> Bridges in Severe Environments,” <strong>Concrete</strong> International, Vol. 18, No. 7, July 1996, pp. 33-38. Wang, P. T., Shah, S. P., Naaman A. E., “Stress-Strain Curves of Normal and <strong>Lightweight</strong> <strong>Concrete</strong> in Compression,” ACI Journal, Vol. 75, No. 11, November 1978, pp. 603-611. Yeginobali, A., Sobolev, K. G., Soboleva, S. V., Tokyay, M., “<strong>High</strong> <strong>Strength</strong> Natural <strong>Lightweight</strong> Aggregate <strong>Concrete</strong> with Silica Fume,” ACI SP 178, American <strong>Concrete</strong> Institute, Detroit, May 1998, pp. 739-758. Zia, P., Mostafa, T., “Development Length of Prestressing Strands,” PCI Journal, Vol. 22, No. 5, September/October 1977, pp. 54-65. Zia, P., Preston, H. Kent, Scott, Norman L., and Workman, Edwin B. (1979) "Estimating Prestress Losses", <strong>Concrete</strong> International, V. 76 No.6: p. 32-38. References-9
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School of Civil and Environmental E
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research presen
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A statistical evaluation based on f
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5.6 - Transfer Length 5-13 5.7 - Gi
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Report ACI 318- 99 AASHTO Standard
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Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Purpose
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Long term properties including pret
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ottom flange. Prestressing strands
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12500 12000 Concrete Strength, fc'
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Chapter 3. Mix Designs, Field Evalu
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Variation of coarse-to-fine aggrega
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3.2.1 Compressive Strength Figure 3
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Table 3.5 Chloride Permeability --
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12,000 11,500 11,000 Compressive St
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1,400 1,300 1,200 1,100 Experimenta
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strength (10L made in the laborator
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The 50% and 90% of the 620-day cree
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700 600 10,000-psi Measured Shams &
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a Creep Coefficient 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5
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Chapter 5. Behavior of AASHTO Type
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Portion of Girder Damaged During Te
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2” End Cover (Typ both ends) 4 Sp
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5.3 Instrumentation The surface of
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Figure 5.7 Installation of stirrups
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Table 5.3 Girder concrete propertie
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120 100 80 Stress (ksi) 60 40 20 0
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Table 5.5 -Transfer Length Results
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Figure 5.12 Typical flexural failur
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Since G2 girders had a higher concr
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V " pc cw− Pr ed = ft −Pr ed 1
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Test # Table 5.9 Predicted vs. Expe
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this research project, modification
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Chapter 6. Prestress Losses in HPLC
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losses in the 10,000-psi girders to
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Microstrains (in/inx10 -6 ) 0 500 1
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6.3 Conclusions Regarding Prestress
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7.3 Transfer Length An evaluation o
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Shrinkage after 620 days of drying
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More research is required to examin
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Appendix A. Background A.1 Introduc
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Raithby and Lydon described the use
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are normally recognized as being on
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aggregate must be saturated by pres
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A.7.2 Strength Ceiling Harmon discu
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compared to lower strength specimen
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A.8.8 Deatherage, Burdette and Chew
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3. Concrete compressive strength at
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findings were comments that the AAS
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including strand diameter, embedmen
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l d = l t + l fb = f si 3 d b + 1.5
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l d = l t + l fb ⎛ = ⎜ ⎝ f d
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- Page 111 and 112: t′: age of concrete at loading (d
- Page 113 and 114: s: slump (in) γ ψ ⎧ 0.30 −1.4
- Page 115 and 116: t: age of concrete (days) t 0 : age
- Page 117 and 118: where ε sh ∞ ⎧ 510 µε for st
- Page 119 and 120: left girder-end. The dimension L wa
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- Page 139 and 140: E ps : elastic modulus of prestress
- Page 141 and 142: D.2.2. AASHTO-LRFD Refined Estimate
- Page 143 and 144: ∆f log(24 ⋅t) ⎛ f ⎜ ⎞ 55
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- Page 147 and 148: References AASHTO (1996), Standard
- Page 149 and 150: ASTM C 618, Standard Specification
- Page 151 and 152: Guide for Structural Lightweight Ag
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