Lightweight Concrete for High Strength - Expanded Shale & Clay

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Lightweight Artificial and Waste Materials for Embankments Over Soft Soils, Transportation Research Board, January 1993, pp. 7-13. Janney, J. R., “Nature of Bond in Pre-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete,” Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Vol. 50, No. 9, May 1954, pp. 717-736. Johnson, M. K., Ramirez, J. A., “Minimum Shear Reinforcement in Beams with Higher Strength Concrete,” ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 86, No. 4, July-August 1989, pp. 376-382. Kahn, L. F., Saber, A., “Analysis and Structural Benefits of High Performance Concrete for Pretensioned Bridge Girders,” PCI Journal, Vol. 45, No. 4, July/August 2000, pp. 100-107. Kohno, K., Okamoto, T., Isikawa, Y., Sibata, T., Mori, H., “Effects of Artificial Lightweight Aggregate on Autogenous Shrinkage of Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 29, 1999, pp. 611-614. Kolozs, R. T., “Transfer and Development Lengths of Fully Bonded 1/2-Inch Prestressing Strand in Standard AASHTO Type I Pretensioned High Performance Lightweight Concrete (HPLC) Beams,” Masters Thesis, The University of Texas at Austin, May 2000, 155 pp. Lane, S. N., A New Development Length Equation for Pretensioned Strands in Bridge Beams and Piles, Final Report, No. FHWA-RD-98-116, Federal Highway Administration, December 1998, 131 pp. Leming, M. L., Creep and Shrinkage of Lightweight Concrete, North Carolina State University Publication, 1990, 4 pp. Leming, M. L., Properties of High Strength Concrete – An Investigation of High Strength Concrete Characteristics using Materials in North Carolina, Final Report, No. 23241-86-3, North Carolina Department of Transportation, July 1988, 186 pp. Lin, T. Y., Burns, N. H., Design of Prestressed Concrete Structures, Third Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, 1981. Logan, D. R., “Acceptance Criteria for Bond Quality of Strand for Pretensioned Prestressed Concrete Applications,” PCI Journal, Vol. 42, No. 2, March/April 1997. pp. 52-90. Lopez, M., and Kahn, L. F. (2003) "Time Dependent Behavior of High Performance Concrete: Evaluation of a Georgia's High Performance Concrete Bridge", School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta Ma, J., Tadros, M. H., Baishya, M, “Shear Behavior of Pretensioned High-Strength Concrete Bridge I-Girders,” ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 97, No. 1, January-February 2000, pp. 185- 192. MacGregor, J. G., Reinforced Concrete, Second Edition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1992, 848 pp. References-6
Martin, L. D., Scott, N. L., “Development of Prestressing Strand in Pretensioned Members,” ACI Journal, Vol. 73, No. 8, August 1976, pp. 453-456. Mehta, P. K. a. M., Paulo J.M. (1993) "Concrete. Microstructure, Properties and Materials", Mc Graw-Hill. Mehta, P. K., Monteiro, P. J. M., Concrete Microstructure, Properties, and Materials, Second Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, New York, 1993. Melby, K., Jordet, E. A., Hansvold, C., “Long-span Bridges in Norway Constructed in High- Strength LWA Concrete,” Engineering Structures, Vol. 18, No. 11, November 1996, pp. 845-849. Meyer, K. F., and Kahn, L. F. (2002) "Lightweight Concrete Reduces Weight and Increases Span Length of Pretensioned Concrete Bridge Girders", PCI Journal, V. 47 No.1: p. 68-75. Meyer, K. F., Kahn, L. F., “Annotated Bibliography for High-Strength, Lightweight Prestressed Concrete Bridge Girders,” Task 1 Report, Georgia Department of Transportation Project No. 2004, Georgia Institute of Technology, January 2001, 14 pp. Meyer, K. F., Kahn, L. F., Lai, J.S., and Kurtis, K.E. (2002) "Transfer and Development Length of High Strength Lightweight Concrete Precast Prestressed Bridge Girders", Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Materials, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, pp. 617. Mindess, S., Young, J.F, and Darwin, D. (2003) "Concrete", Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River. Mitchell, D., Cook, W. D., Khan, A. A., Tham, T., “Influence of High Strength Concrete on Transfer and Development Length of Pretensioning Strand,” PCI Journal, Vol. 38, No. 3, May/June 1993, pp. 52-56. Mor, A., “Steel-Concrete Bond in High Strength Lightweight Concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 89, No. 1, January-February 1992, pp. 76-82. Morales, J., Short-Term Mechanical Properties of High Strength Lightweight Concrete, Report 82-9 on NSF Grant No. ENG78-05124, Ithaca, August 1982. Murillo, J. A., Thoman S., Smith, D., “Lightweight Concrete for a Segmental Bridge,” Civil Engineering, Vol. 64, No. 5, May 1994, pp. 68-70. Nawy, E. G. (2001) "Fundamentals of High-Performance Concrete", John Wiley and Sons, New York. Nawy, E. G., Prestressed Concrete A Fundamental Approach, Third Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2000, References-7
Page 1 and 2:
School of Civil and Environmental E
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research presen
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A statistical evaluation based on f
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5.6 - Transfer Length 5-13 5.7 - Gi
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Report ACI 318- 99 AASHTO Standard
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Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Purpose
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Long term properties including pret
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ottom flange. Prestressing strands
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12500 12000 Concrete Strength, fc'
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Chapter 3. Mix Designs, Field Evalu
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Variation of coarse-to-fine aggrega
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3.2.1 Compressive Strength Figure 3
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Table 3.5 Chloride Permeability --
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12,000 11,500 11,000 Compressive St
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1,400 1,300 1,200 1,100 Experimenta
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strength (10L made in the laborator
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The 50% and 90% of the 620-day cree
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700 600 10,000-psi Measured Shams &
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a Creep Coefficient 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5
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Chapter 5. Behavior of AASHTO Type
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Portion of Girder Damaged During Te
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2” End Cover (Typ both ends) 4 Sp
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5.3 Instrumentation The surface of
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Figure 5.7 Installation of stirrups
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Table 5.3 Girder concrete propertie
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120 100 80 Stress (ksi) 60 40 20 0
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Table 5.5 -Transfer Length Results
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Figure 5.12 Typical flexural failur
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Since G2 girders had a higher concr
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V " pc cw− Pr ed = ft −Pr ed 1
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Test # Table 5.9 Predicted vs. Expe
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this research project, modification
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Chapter 6. Prestress Losses in HPLC
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losses in the 10,000-psi girders to
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Microstrains (in/inx10 -6 ) 0 500 1
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6.3 Conclusions Regarding Prestress
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7.3 Transfer Length An evaluation o
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Shrinkage after 620 days of drying
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More research is required to examin
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Appendix A. Background A.1 Introduc
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Raithby and Lydon described the use
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are normally recognized as being on
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aggregate must be saturated by pres
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A.7.2 Strength Ceiling Harmon discu
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compared to lower strength specimen
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A.8.8 Deatherage, Burdette and Chew
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3. Concrete compressive strength at
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findings were comments that the AAS
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including strand diameter, embedmen
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l d = l t + l fb = f si 3 d b + 1.5
Page 101 and 102: l d = l t + l fb ⎛ = ⎜ ⎝ f d
Page 103 and 104: Table A.1 Summary of Development Le
Page 105 and 106: strand release, the strand attempts
Page 107 and 108: Appendix B. Creep and Shrinkage B.1
Page 109 and 110: Changes in moisture migration: the
Page 111 and 112: t′: age of concrete at loading (d
Page 113 and 114: s: slump (in) γ ψ ⎧ 0.30 −1.4
Page 115 and 116: t: age of concrete (days) t 0 : age
Page 117 and 118: where ε sh ∞ ⎧ 510 µε for st
Page 119 and 120: left girder-end. The dimension L wa
Page 121 and 122: 6” 85” 50” Segment of girder
Page 123 and 124: 146” 89” 96” 137” Stirrups
Page 125 and 126: were added in a specific sequence f
Page 127 and 128: C.2.3 Formwork Removal, Detensionin
Page 129 and 130: Figure C.19 Mostafa Prestressing St
Page 131 and 132: Figure C.22 Ms. Lyn Clements (GDOT)
Page 133 and 134: If significant strand end slip over
Page 135 and 136: CSS at Level of Bottom Strands (µ
Page 137 and 138: Appendix D. Prestress Losses in HPL
Page 139 and 140: E ps : elastic modulus of prestress
Page 141 and 142: D.2.2. AASHTO-LRFD Refined Estimate
Page 143 and 144: ∆f log(24 ⋅t) ⎛ f ⎜ ⎞ 55
Page 145 and 146: P i : initial prestressing force af
Page 147 and 148: References AASHTO (1996), Standard
Page 149 and 150: ASTM C 618, Standard Specification
Page 151: Guide for Structural Lightweight Ag
Page 155: Shahawy, M. A., Batchelor, B., “S
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