Seed Health Management for Better Productivity - Govind Ballabh ...

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(Seed Health Management for Better Productivity)Disease Free Seed Production of CerealsM.K. NautiyalDepartment of Gen. and Plant Breeding, BSPC, G.B.P.U.A.&T., Pantnagar-263145 (Uttarakhand)Seed is a mature ovule consisting of an embryonic plant together with store of foodsurrounded by a protective layer i.e. seed coat. Seed is the basic, vital and cheapest input ofagriculture. Use of quality seed results in 10-15 percent increase in agriculture productivity. Itshould have uniformity, safe moisture content and high germination and vigour of seedling. Itshould be perform diseases and insect pests.Principles of Seed Production:Production of good quality seed is the main objective of any seed production programme. Itis known that the quality of seed deteriorates over a period of time after development due toseveral reasons namely: i) mechanical mixture, ii) natural out crossing iii) infection by diseasecausing organisms, iv) developmental variation, v) mutation, vi) minor genetic variations, and vii)instability due to segregation and cytogenetic causes. Seed production essentially follows a strict seedgeneration system from nucleus to breeder, breeder to foundation, foundation to certified and certifiedto truthfully labelled seed or commercial production. Nucleus and breeder seed production ismonitored by breeder seed monitoring team, whereas foundation and certified seed production issupervised and certified by State Seed Certification Agency in the light of seed Act, 1966. In addition tothe above kind of seeds, truthfully labelled seed is also produced without certification. However, thetruthfully labelled seed must meet almost all the standards prescribed for certified seed.Precautions in Seed ProductionRaising of crop for seed purpose differ from growing crop for commercial purpose inseveral respects. Precautions are required in seed production during crop production, harvesting,processing, storage and marketing so that the desired quality of seed is produced and processed.Important considerations in seed production are as follows:1. Seed SourceAppropriate class or source of seed is used for production of desired kind of seed. Forexample the nucleus seed is the source for breeder seed and breeder seed is source forfoundation seed and foundation seed is source for certified seed.2. Selection of LandLand to be used for seed production should be fertile, well drained and free of volunteerplants. The field should not have the different varieties of same crop in previous season. Volunteerplants are a very serious problem in Brassica species. Self-grown plants continue to appear for 3-4years. Volunteer plants are also problem in legumes, pearl millet, and sorghum. When rice istransplanted after puddling the soil, volunteer plants are rare.3. Registration of Seed Crop for CertificationAs per implementation of seed act 1966 and seed rules 1968 foundation and certified seedproduction is registered with state Seed Certification Agency which certifies the seed productionand issues appropriate seed tags. The registration for seed production is done by the seedproducer with the concerned State Seed Certification Agency.- 106 -
(Seed Health Management for Better Productivity)4. Seed StandardsIn India standards for foundation and certified seeds have been prescribed. There are twotypes of standards, i) field standards which apply to the standing crop, and ii) seed standardswhich are applicable at seed level. Field standards includes requirement isolation distance,maximum permissible level of off types, inseparable other plants, objectionable weed plants,pollen shedders (in male-sterile or A lines), plants infected by seed borne disease etc. Seedstandards relate to genetic purity, physical purity, germination, other crop seeds, weed seeds,moisture content etc.Standards for breeder seed have not been prescribed but breeder seed has stricterstandards than those prescribed for foundation and certified seeds. Breeder seed must be 100%genetically pure.5. Isolation Distance for Seed CropIsolation is essential to avoid mechanical mixture during harvesting or collection of produceand out crossing. In strictly self-pollinated crops it is mainly to avoid mechanical mixture fromadjoining plots. Isolation requirements in cereal crops like wheat and paddy is 3 meter.Sources of contamination could be other varieties of the same crop, same variety notconforming to varietal purity requirements of the category of seed under production, other crops(mustard and turnip; maize and teosinte) or weeds. In wheat isolation requirement from othervarieties is only 3 m, whereas isolation from fields of wheat, triticale and rye of infection of loosesmut in excess of 0.1% and 0.5% is 150 m in case of foundation and certified seed.6. Time of SowingSeed crops are generally sown at their planting time as recommended for commercialcrops. However, depending on incidence of diseases and pests, and monsoon, some adjustmentin sowing time could be made. Care should be taken that monsoon do not coincide with theflowering, seed filling and seed maturity stage, especially with kharif crops.7. Method of SowingThe seed crop should be sown in lines with a seed drill/ planting equipment. One directionsowing helps in cultural operations and inspection. Before and after sowing a variety, the seed drillmust be subjected to thorough cleaning of pipes, seed cups and box. The seed crop must be sownin such a way that it facilitates the movement of the personnel to execute roguing effectively.Skipping one row after every eight to ten rows or more may provide sufficient path for movementduring roguing in wheat seed crop. Similarly, paired row planting in rice, green gram and chickpeais very useful. In crops like maize, pearl millet, sorghum, pigeon pea etc. the row to row spacing iswide enough for the purpose of roguing.8. Cultural PracticesCultural practices such as seed bed preparation, fertilization, weeding, irrigation etc. areusually the same for seed crop as recommended for commercial crop. All recommended- 107 -
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potential. An improvement in qualit
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9. Session Arrangement CommitteeDr.
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9. Dr. Pradip Kumar BorahSr. Scient
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TRAININGONANNEXURE-IIISEED HEALTH M
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ANNEXURE-IVCENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDI
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SundayApril 6MondayApril 7TuesdayAp
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TuesdayApril 15WednesdayApril 16Thu
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Seed Health Management for Better Productivity - Govind Ballabh ...

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