Seed Health Management for Better Productivity - Govind Ballabh ...

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(Seed Health Management for Better Productivity)areas, note whether the pest causes major, minor or no damage. Note whether the pest causesdamage frequently or infrequently. Relate this, if possible, to biotic and abiotic effects, particularlyclimate. The situation in the PRA area can then be carefully compared with that in the areas wherethe pest currently occurs.Examples of the factors to consider are:- type of damage- crop losses- loss of export markets- increases in control costs- effects on ongoing integrated pest management (IPM) programmes- environmental damage- capacity to act as a vector for other pests- perceived social costs such as unemployment.If a pest has no potential economic importance in the PRA area, then it does not satisfy thedefinition of a quarantine pest and the PRA for the pest stops at this point.4. Introduction PotentialThe final stage of assessment concerns the introduction potential which depends on thepathways from the exporting country to the destination, and the frequency andquantity of pests associated with them. Documented pathways for the pest to enter new areasshould be noted. Potential pathways which may not currently exist should be assessed if known.The following is a partial checklist that may be used to estimate the introduction potential dividedinto those factors which may affect the likelihood of entry and those factors which may affect thelikelihood of establishment.Entry- opportunity for contamination of commodities or conveyances by the pest- survival of the pest under the environmental conditions of transport- ease or difficulty of detecting the pest at entry inspection- frequency and quantity of pest movement into the PRA area by natural means- frequency and number of persons entering from another country at any given port ofentry.Establishment:- number and frequency of consignments of the commodity- number of individuals of a given pest associated with the means of conveyance- intended use of the commodity- environmental conditions and availability of hosts at the destination and duringtransport in the PRA area.Conclusion for Stage 2- 198 -
(Seed Health Management for Better Productivity)If the pest satisfies the definition of a quarantine pest, expert judgement should be used toreview the information collected during Stage 2 to decide whether the pest has sufficient economicimportance and introduction potential, i.e. sufficient risk, for phytosanitary measures to be justified.If so, proceed to Stage 3; if not, the PRA for the pest stops at this point3.Phase 3: Pest Risk ManagementPest risk management (see Figure 3) to protect the endangered areas should beproportional to the risk identified in the pest risk assessment. In most respects it can be based onthe information gathered in the pest risk assessment. Phytosanitary measures should be appliedto the minimum area necessary for the effective protection of the endangered area.1. Risk Management OptionsA list of options for reducing risks to an acceptable level should be assembled. Theseoptions will primarily concern pathways and in particular the conditions for permitting entry ofcommodities. Examples of the options to consider are:- inclusion in list of prohibited pests- phytosanitary inspection and certification prior to export- definition of requirements to be satisfied before export (e.g. treatment, origin from pest freearea, growing season inspection, certification scheme).- inspection at entry- treatment at point of entry, inspection station or, if appropriate, at place of destination- detention in post-entry quarantine- post-entry measures (restrictions on use of commodity, control measures)- prohibition of entry of specific commodities from specific origins.2. Efficacy and Impact of the OptionsThe efficacy and impact of the various options in reducing risk to an acceptable levelshould be evaluated, in terms of the following factors:- biological effectiveness- cost/benefit of implementation- impact on existing regulations- commercial impact- social impact- phytosanitary policy considerations- time to implement a new regulation- efficacy of option against other quarantine pests- environmental impact.In order to determine which options are appropriate, it may be advisable to communicate withinterested and affected groups within and outside the PRA area.Conclusion for Stage 3At the end of Stage 3, the appropriate phytosanitary measures concerning the pest- 199 -
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Page 219 and 220: potential. An improvement in qualit
Page 221 and 222: 9. Session Arrangement CommitteeDr.
Page 223 and 224: 9. Dr. Pradip Kumar BorahSr. Scient
Page 225 and 226: TRAININGONANNEXURE-IIISEED HEALTH M
Page 227 and 228: ANNEXURE-IVCENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDI
Page 229 and 230: SundayApril 6MondayApril 7TuesdayAp
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