Seed Health Management for Better Productivity - Govind Ballabh ...

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(Seed Health Management for Better Productivity)disseminate from the primary infection centers by wind driven rain droplets, aerosols or farmingpractices. The disinfection of infested or infected seeds by heating or chemicals is, therefore animportant and effective measure to eliminate the primary inoculum and to prevent diseaseestablishment in fields.Hot water treatment of 45 0 C for 20 minutes effectively eliminated Erwinia spp. on bulb ofgarlic and increased the yield by 26.68 %. Application of Agreft 20WP (0.2%) applied as drenchingand spraying could suppress Erwinia spp. infection by 38% (Hanudin and Handayati, 1992). Hotwater and bactericide treatment of seeds has been found effective in reducing disease incidenceof watermelon fruit blotch (Nomura & Shirakawa, 2001). Hot water treatment of seeds at 50 0 C for15-20 minute has been found effective for the management of black rot of crucifers. Infection ofbacterial canker of tomato is also eradicated by treating with hot water at 55 0 C for 25 minutes.F Disease escapePlants can escape from bacterial infection by a change in their cultivation period. Severedamage of BLB in rice could be avoided by planting early maturing cultivars and setting thecultivation period early enough to harvest before the typhoon season starts.G RotationBecause the same pathogen may survive in the field and cause infection in addition toinfection through infested and infected seed, disease development may be controlled by practicingat least 3-4 years crop rotation. However, rotation may not be effective when the pathogen havewide host ranges or are well adapted for long term survival in the field.H. IrrigationIn potato common scab caused by Streptomyces scabies, irrigation for several weeks aftertuber initiation is effective in reducing scab. Practical control of the disease at the RothamstadExperiment station is accomplished by irrigation that maintains a soil moisture deficit of 0.6 for 3-4weeks in the tuber initiation period.I. Nutrition and Plant DensityAdequate plant density and fertilization are obviously important for growing healthy plants.High nitrogen levels and dense spacing may increase disease susceptibility of host plants andresident populations of the pathogen because proliferated dense foliage reduces air movementand drying of leaf and stem surfaces.J. GraftingMuskmelon and watermelon are usually grafted on pumpkin root stocks to prevent infectionof Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis and F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum. Severe infection due to P.syringae pv. lachrymans and X. campestris pv. cucurbitae may occur on these plants throughpumpkin stocks that are raised from infected seeds. To control bacterial wilt, tomato and eggplantmay be grafted on root stocks of LS-89, Solanum torvum, S. intergrifolium or S. mammosum thatare highly resistant to R. solanacearum.- 152 -
(Seed Health Management for Better Productivity)(III). Disease resistant varieties: - Use of disease resistant cultivars is economically andtechnically the most practical method of disease control. A number of breeding programmes havebeen highly successful, and commercially acceptable cultivars are available against manybacterial diseases.(IV). Biological control:- Biological control has attracted great interest is plant pathologybecause the unnecessarily frequent use of pesticides is increasingly causing concern in terms ofhuman toxicity and hazardous effects on natural environment. A practical method of commercialbiological control is found in crown gall and has been developed in Australia with the strain K-84 ofA. radiobacter. This is undoubtedly one of the most innovative and important advances inbiological control of bacterial plant diseases. The effectiveness of the method has been confirmedin many laboratories in the world with various host plants such as Prunus, Rubus, Salix, Vitis ,Chrysanthemum, Rosa, Pyrus, etc. Because damage due to crown gall is particularly severe onyoung trees, control with the strain K-84 is effective in preplanting dip of Seeds, cuttings, or graftednursery plants. Fungal biocontrol agent Trichoderma sp. (strain SKT-1) at 2 × 10 5 -1× 10 6 conidia/ml gave high control of bacterial seedling blight, bacterial grain rot and bacterial brown stripe ofrice (Kumakura et al., 2003) Biological seed treatment with antagonistic Pseudomonas fluorescenshas been shown to drastically reduce the bacterial wilt incidence in chilli caused by Burkholderiasolanacearum (Umesha et al., 2005)(V). Chemical Control:- Chemical compounds used for controlling bacterial diseases includestreptomycin, kasugamycin, oxytetracycline, novobiocin copper compounds, polycarbamate,tecloftalam and pyroquilon as foliar sprays, sodium hypochlorite and oxolinic acid as seeddisinfectants and metam- ammonium and thiram as soil disinfectants. Sodium hypochlorite is usedfor sterilizing the surface of such fruits as oranges and apples. It is also widely used for disinfectingseeds, tubers and agricultural equipments.REFERENCES1. Gitaitis, R and Walcott, R. 2007. The epidemiology and Management of Seed borne BacterialDiseases. Annu. Rev. Pytopathol.45; 371-97.2. Walcott, RR, Gitaitis, RD and Castro, AC. 2003. Role of blossom in watermelon seed infestationby Acidovorax avenae sub sp. citrulli Phytopathology 93: 548-34.3. Nomura,T and Shirakawa, T. 2001.Efficacy of hot water and bactericide treatment of watermelonseeds infested by Acidovorax avenae sub sp. citrulli, Proc. Kansai Pl. Protec. Soc.43:1-6.4. Kamakura, K, watnabe, S., Makino, T, Iyozumi, H, Chikawa, T and Nagayama, K. 2003. Effect ofTrichoderma sp. SKT-1 on suppression of six different seed borne diseases of rice.Japanese J. of Phytopathology.69 (4) : 393-402.5. Umesha S, Kavitha , R and shetty, H.S. 2005. Transmission of seed borne infection of Chilli byBurkholderia solancearum and effect of biological seed treatment on diseaseincidence. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection. 38 (4): 281-293.- 153 -
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potential. An improvement in qualit
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9. Session Arrangement CommitteeDr.
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9. Dr. Pradip Kumar BorahSr. Scient
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TRAININGONANNEXURE-IIISEED HEALTH M
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ANNEXURE-IVCENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDI
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SundayApril 6MondayApril 7TuesdayAp
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TuesdayApril 15WednesdayApril 16Thu
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