Seed Health Management for Better Productivity - Govind Ballabh ...

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(Seed Health Management for Better Productivity)Innumerable studies and practical experience show that adoption of individual, evenexceptionally effective plant protection measures cannot ensure long term suppression of anumber of harmful organisms. This can be achieved only by systemic, coordinated application ofall the available prophylactic and destructive measures. The judicious use of different methods ofpest control can play a significant role in combating pest problems in the system. Theimplementation of such a strategy would be really viable in case its components are well workedout. Among all components, the agronomic practices play a vital role in mitigating diseaseproblems as it involves no expenditure and is free from all ill- effects. This unique method ofcontrol can serve as a backbone of any sustainable system of pest management. Furthermore, themodifications in agronomic practices can be blended with any available technique such asbiological control, resistant varieties etc. without adversely affecting the environment.REFERENCES1. Bockus, W.W. and Shroyer. 1998. The impact of reduced tillage on soilborne plant pathogens.Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 36: 485-500.2. Prew, R.D., Ashby, J.E., Bacon, E.T.G., Christian, D.G., Gutteridge, R.J., Jenkyn, J.F., Powell, W.,and Todd, A.D. 1995. Effects of incorporating or burning straw, and of differentcultivation systems, on winter wheat grown on two soil types, 1985-91. J. Agric. Sci.Cambridge 124: 173-1943. Windels, C.E., and Wiersma, J.V. 1992. Incidence of Bipolaris and Fusarium on subcrowninternodes of spring barley and wheat grown in continuous conservation tillage.Phytopathology 82:699-705.- 120 -
(Seed Health Management for Better Productivity)Smuts, Bunts and Ergots their Significance and Management in SeedCropR.C. SharmaSeed Technology Centre, Punjab Agriculture University, LudhianaSmuts, Bunts and Ergot are important seed borne diseases, the primary inoculum of whichis carried in or on seed (smuts and bunts) or go as an admixture (ergot) with the seed.Smuts and BuntsThe word smut means a soft, charcoal-like substance or a sooty powder. The organismscausing smuts and bunts belong to order Ustilaginales. The resting spores, commonly known assmut spores are thick-walled and on germination produce septate or aseptate promyceliumbearing basidiospores (called sporidia) laterally and apically or in groups at the apex of thepromycelium. Sporidia are haploid and when they germinate, a haploid mycelium (primarymycelium) is produced which later gets dikaryotic. This mycelium invades the host plant, usuallykeeps pace with the meristematic region of the host.Types of infections in SmutsThe infection by the smuts fungi may be primary or secondary, systemic or local,depending upon the species in question. On the basis of primary infection the following three typesmay be remembered for better control of these diseases:1. Seedling infection: The smut spores are usually smooth-walled, externally seed- borne,and germinate along with the germinating seed to cause seedling infection. The infection ofseedling takes place before its emergence out of the soil. Change of haplophase todiplophase occurs before infection (Flag smut and covered smuts).2. Floral or blossom infection or Intra-seminal Infection: The spores are usually roughwalledand wind-borne to fresh flowers where they germinate to cause infection of theovary after diplodization. The binucleate hyphae reach the embryo, ramify, and becomedormant with maturity of the seed. The infection is thus carried internally with the seed andwhen the latter germinates the fungus also grows up and finally appears as black powderymass in the inflorescence (Loose smut diseases).3. Shoot Infection: This is usually localized infection. The spores may fall on the surface ofthe host, germinate, and cause infection of young buds, young flowers, developing seeds,or may fall on the ground, perennate there ultimately germinating next year causinginfection of the host parts through wind-borne sporidia (Karnal bunt of wheat and Kernelsmut of rice).- 121 -
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potential. An improvement in qualit
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9. Session Arrangement CommitteeDr.
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9. Dr. Pradip Kumar BorahSr. Scient
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TRAININGONANNEXURE-IIISEED HEALTH M
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ANNEXURE-IVCENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDI
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SundayApril 6MondayApril 7TuesdayAp
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