Seed Health Management for Better Productivity - Govind Ballabh ...

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(Seed Health Management for Better Productivity)inhibits the barnase RNAse in barnase-bar/barstar plants. This male sterility/fertility system has showncommercial promise in maize and oilseed rape and can be easily extended to other crop species.Seeds as target for molecular farming:One of the emerging fields of plant biotechnology, referred to as “Molecular Farming”, hasbeen used in recent years to produce value-added products for nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals,and other industrial applications. Molecular farming is defined as the production of proteins orother metabolites valuable to medicine or industry in plants traditionally used in an agriculturalsetting. The concept of using plants as hosts for the production of valuable proteins has beencalled "molecular farming". A wide range of pharmacologically interesting proteins can beexpressed in diverse plant organs and seeds can be one important host. This has as anadvantage that these transgenic seeds harboring the protein of interest can be stored in the drystate for a long time and the integrity of the pharmacologically interesting protein is kept. Modifiedseeds storage proteins and modified oleosin proteins have been used for this purpose.The accumulation of recombinant antibodies in seeds allows long-term storage at ambienttemperatures because the proteins amass in a stable form. Seeds have the appropriatebiochemical environment for protein accumulation, and achieve this through the creation ofspecialized storage compartments, such as protein bodies and storage vacuoles, which arederived from the secretory pathway. Seeds are also desiccated, which reduces the exposure ofstored proteins to non enzymatic hydrolysis and protease degradation. Cereal seeds also lack thephenolic substances that are present in tobacco leaves, so increasing the efficiency ofdownstream processing. Maize is now the main commercial production crop for recombinantproteins, which reflects advantages such as high biomass yield, ease of transformation and in vitromanipulation, and ease of scale-up. Maize is also being used for the production of recombinantantibodies and further technical/pharmaceutical enzymes, such as laccase, trypsin and aprotinin.The use of barley grains as bioreactors for highly active and thermo-tolerant hybrid cellulase (1,4-ßglucanase) was investigated .Alfalfa and soybean produce lower amounts of leaf biomass than tobacco, but have theadvantage of using atmospheric nitrogen through nitrogen fixation, thereby reducing the need forchemical inputs. Both species have been used to produce recombinant antibodies. Pea is beingdeveloped as a production system, although at present the yields that are possible with thisspecies are low.Seed storage proteins as target for nutritional quality improvements anddevelopment of nutraceuticalsIn general, cereal seed storage proteins are low in lysine and tryptophan while legumes aredeficient in the sulfur containing amino acids, methionine and cysteine and hence can beconsidered as nutritionally poor. Biotechnological approach for improving seed storage proteinquality can be i) protein sequence modification ii) synthetic genes iii) overexpression ofhomologous genes and iv) Transfer and expression of heterologous genes. In order to establishragi as nutraceutical crop, value added products for diabetics, pregnant women and children in theform of breakfast and meals can be prepared based on the scientific rationale explored in our lab.- 194 -
(Seed Health Management for Better Productivity)New Approaches to Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine Pests(Mrs.) Ruchira TiwariDepartment of Entomology, G.B.P.U.A.&T., Pantnagar-263145 (Uttarakhand)What is Pest Risk Analysis (PRA)Pest Risk analysis is a process of investigation, evaluation of information and decisionmaking with respect to a certain pest, that starts once it is known or determined that this pest is aquarantine pest. Subsequently, an evaluation of the potential of introduction of the pest into thecountry is done along with its economic, social and environmental consequences. Withidentification, determination and evaluation done, the process culminates with decision making toavoid or reduce the probability of entrance or establishment of the pest into the country.There are generally two initiation points for a PRA:The identification of a pathway, usually an imported commodity, that may allow theintroduction and/or spread of quarantine pestsThe identification of a pest that may qualify as a quarantine pestThe review or revision of phytosanitary policies and priorities.The PRA process as described in the International Standards For Phytosanitary Measures(ISPM) is divided into four phases –Pest risk initiation, Pest risk assessment, Pest riskmanagement and Pest risk communication/documentation.General Requirements for Pest Risk Analysis (Pra)Phase 1: Pest Risk InitiationThe initiation phase begins with the identification of the pest. In the PRA process, foraccess of a commodity such as a fruit, a seed or a grain, the specific commodity has to beidentified botanically and the parts of the plant that form this commodity have to be determined.Once this is completed, a list of pests in the country of import and export, can be prepared.There are generally three initiation points for a pest risk analysis (see Figure 1):1. PRA Initiated by a PathwayA requirement for a new or revised PRA originating from a specific pathway willmost frequently arise in the following situations:- International trade is initiated in a new commodity (usually a plant or plant product) or acommodity from a new origin.- New plant species are imported for selection and scientific research purposes.- A pathway other than commodity import is identified (natural spread, mail, garbage,passenger's baggage etc.).- A policy decision is taken to establish or revise phytosanitary regulations or- requirements concerning specific commodities.- A new treatment, system or process, or new information impacts on an earlier decision.- 195 -
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Page 223 and 224: 9. Dr. Pradip Kumar BorahSr. Scient
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Seed Health Management for Better Productivity - Govind Ballabh ...

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