Amsterdam, Netherlands - SEO Economisch Onderzoek

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high-tech sectors is relatively high in Noord-Holland. The number of patents requested at theEuropean Patent Office (EPO) in Noord-Holland lies substantially below the Dutch average.However, when looking at patent application data from the US Patent Office (USPTO) thenumber of patent applications per million of working-age is much higher than the Dutch average.This points out that the region specification that is used strongly influence the results.Table 1-6: R&D expendituresR&D expenditures by type of institution (% of regional product)Companies Government HEIs TotalNoord- 0.85% 0.26% 0.47% 1.58%Holland(2002)Netherlands 0.98% 0.24% 0. 50% 1.72%(2002)* Data from 2002Source: Eurostat (2008)Table 1-7: Other indicators of innovative strengthEmployment in hightechsector (% of totalemployees) (2005)Number of patentapplications to theEuropean Patent Office(EPO) (per million ofworking-ageindividuals) (2005)Number of patentapplications to theUS Patent Office(USPTO) (permillion ofworking-ageindividuals)Noord-Holland/ 4.3% (NH) 146.2 (NH) 733.2 (AMS)AmsterdamNetherlands 4.1% 306.6 132.0Source: Statistics Netherlands Statline (2005b), OECD (2006), USPTO (2009)1.4.3 Social and cultural characteristics of the region1.4.3.1 Social developmentsFrom the 1970s onwards significant immigration to Amsterdam takes place from Suriname andSouthern countries such as Turkey and Morocco. The result is that Amsterdam is now amongstthe most culturally diverse cities of the world: 37% of the inhabitants belong to an ethnic minoritygroup. The ‘urban melting pot’ which Amsterdam is becoming has its positive as well as negativesides. On the negative side, the labor market position of foreign migrants appeared to be veryweak with high unemployment rates (even among the second generation), which led to increasingsocio-economic and ethnic tensions in the city (Nijkamp, 2009: 1). On the positive side,Amsterdam witnesses a profound transformation based on creative cultures. This new orientationdoes not only provide a new dynamism for the city, it also has a symbolic value by showing thehistorical strength of these places as foundation stones for a new and open future (ibid: 2).Migrant entrepreneurs also form a significant part of the SME sector in Amsterdam and mayhence be important vehicles for urban vitality (ibid: 6). Nowadays Amsterdam is swiftlytransforming into a services oriented economy. Despite the current worldwide economicdownturn, it has favorable growth prospects.24
1.4.3.2 Regional identityThe extent to which people in the Amsterdam metropolitan area are linked by a common identityis very reminiscent of the way identity is experienced on the level of the Randstad. That is, theredoes not seem to be a common identity linking the people living in the Amsterdam metropolitanarea. Instead, the regional identity is more closely linked to the city in which people live such asAmsterdam, Haarlem or Zaanstad (OECD, 2007a: 38). This lack of a strong identity beyond thecity-region goes back to the 16 th century when the foundations for the Dutch nation-state werelaid, not so much out of a common identity, but out of common interests of otherwise competingcities (ibid: 38; Schama, 1987). This historical co-operative competition between cities couldexplain why common identity has been linked to the city and – to a lesser extent – nation, but notso much to the region. Since the Amsterdam metropolitan area is centered around Amsterdam, itis not surprising that much of the regional identity is shaped by the city more than anything else.Unlike the Randstad or the Amsterdam metropolitan area, the city of Amsterdam has a distinctand firmly rooted identity. Amsterdam became the world’s richest and most powerful city in theearly 17 th century, which is referred to as the ‘Golden Age’. A combination of Protestant workethic, which encouraged saving and investment and entrepreneurial spirit brought Amsterdam aperiod of unprecedented wealth. This religion-based culture found its most succinct expression inCalvinism, which inspires sobriety and simple living, and is still often used to describe one of thefoundations of Dutch culture (Nijman, 1999: 151). Besides Calvinism, commercialism andfrugality, ‘tolerance’ is another central ingredient of Amsterdam’s historically grown culture. Inits original meaning, this referred to the tolerance of diversity in the form of religious beliefs andnational backgrounds (ibid: 153). In the final years of the 16 th century, up to half of the city’spopulation was foreign or of foreign extraction. Finally, another element of Amsterdam’s urbanculture that is often observed is ‘egalitarianism’. This cultural trait, however, dates from the1960s and 1970s when the Netherlands became a notable example of West European socialdemocracy, with progressive laws on taxation, education, public housing, etc. While this alsoapplies to the Netherlands at large, egalitarianism found a unique expression in Amsterdamthrough several anti-establishment movements (ibid: 154). In the late 1960s, Amsterdam was byfar the most important place for student demonstrations, political upheavals, the sexualrevolution, grass root activity, etc. During the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, urban social movementssuch as the ‘Provos’, the ‘Kabouters’ and the squatters have played an important part in thechanging image of the city, particularly inside the Netherlands.Nowadays, the culture and regional identity of Amsterdam are largely the remnants of the‘Golden Age’ in which it became a thriving city. On a national scale, it is the undisputed culturalcenter of the country, excelling with orchestras, ballet, stages, museums and galleries. Institutionssuch as the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra and Rietveld Academy (arts) can be counted amongthe world leaders in their respective disciplines. Monuments and museums, which show the workof great Dutch painters such as Rembrandt and Van Gogh, draw large numbers of visitors eachyear. On an international scale, the aspect of Amsterdam’s urban culture and identity that receivesby far the most attention is ‘tolerance’ (ibid: 155). One of the effects of cultural globalization forAmsterdam has been the commodification of its identity as a tolerant place (ibid: 155).Amsterdam is first and foremost considered to be the city of freedom and liberal drugs policy.The Red Light District and coffee shops are popular among tourists. It is also considered by manyto be the Gay Capital of Europe.25
Page 1 and 2: Please cite this paper as:SEO Econo
Page 6 and 7: 2.3 Higher education and the labor
Page 8 and 9: 6.3 Mechanisms to promote regional
Page 10 and 11: Table 4-4: Completion rates of diff
Page 12 and 13: LSCA Life Sciences Center Amsterdam
Page 14 and 15: such as regional authorities and th
Page 17 and 18: 1. OVERVIEW OF THE REGION1.1 Introd
Page 19 and 20: the southEastern part of Amsterdam
Page 21 and 22: elatively bad accessibility of the
Page 23 and 24: metropolitan area exceeded that of
Page 25: egion suffer from one of the follow
Page 28 and 29: Figure 1-7: Dropouts secondary educ
Page 30 and 31: Figure 1-9: Employment in Amsterdam
Page 34 and 35: 1.4.4 Labor market indicatorsTable
Page 36 and 37: The central government is responsib
Page 38 and 39: implemented. There is also an admin
Page 41 and 42: 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HIGHER EDU
Page 43 and 44: Source: MinOCW (2007a: 68), EU (199
Page 45 and 46: (ibid: 83). In part, this new syste
Page 47 and 48: Table 2-1: Student enrolment at UAS
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2-5: Students at universitie
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2-6: Participation in tertia
Page 53 and 54: also show a continued high demand f
Page 55 and 56: not receive funding from the govern
Page 57 and 58: of diplomas awarded and the number
Page 59: decision is up to the HEI itself. I
Page 62 and 63: Figure 3-1: Components of an innova
Page 64 and 65: 3.2.3 National funding frameworkThe
Page 66 and 67: challenge for the years to come wil
Page 68 and 69: Figure 3-3: R&D expenditures in Noo
Page 70 and 71: Amsterdam Topstad programme.Creativ
Page 72 and 73: 3.5.3 Life SciencesGiven the high l
Page 74 and 75: Figure 3-4: Employment in Amsterdam
Page 76 and 77: years. Employment in the trade and
Page 78 and 79: employment has no upward or downwar
Page 80 and 81: and more efficient exploitation of
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mostly happens in the context of R&
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income related to IP rights. The fa
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Figure 3-6: Regional innovation sys
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HEIs to play this role, as it draws
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4 CONTRIBUTION OF TEACHING & LEARNI
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housing market, on the ‘buying ma
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transport, finance, financial manag
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HvA participates in several initiat
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4.4 Student recruitment and regiona
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4.4.1.2 Recruitment of foreign stud
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• HvA has made its educational pr
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The HEIs have several external and
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Table 4-4: Completion rates of diff
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4.7 Enhancing the regional learning
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4.8 ConclusionTable 4-6: SWOTStreng
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Amsterdam is matched by a relative
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The challenge for future social pol
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The VU likewise develops research p
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directing, documentary directing, s
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the university to improve its energ
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6.1 Introduction6 CAPACITY BUILDING
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Figure 6-1: Organization chart Vrij
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There are also examples of more spe
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Box 6-2: Obstacles for collaboratio
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eyond labor market studies, there a
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7 CONCLUSIONS: MOVING BEYOND THE SE
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…requires different forms of coop
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at higher levels in order to mainta
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to increase the interaction between
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mobility in the world is slackening
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ecause they are better informed abo
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REFERENCESAalders, R., A. Bakkeren,
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EZ Amsterdam (2006), “Research Bu
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MinOCW (2007a), “The Education Sy
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SER (2008), “Duurzame Globaliseri
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Versleijen, A., van der Meulen, B.,
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Institution City Type ofHEIANNEX B:
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Groningenculture)Hogeschool Amsterd
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ANNEX C: KEY ECONOMIC INDICATORSTab
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ANNEX E: REGIONAL PARTNERSHIPS OF A
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AmsterdamUniversity CollegeOther re
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ANNEX F: BUSINESSES REPRESENTED IN
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GLOSSARYBologna DeclarationForeign
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