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POTENTIAL OF LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES:A POSSIBILITY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?999grand hotels includes Raffles in Singapore, the Strand inRangoon and the Eastern and Oriental in Penang.A documentary film was produced by students from ITSDESPRO which explains the work of participants in theexhibition “Refugees of Future Cities”.http://vimeo.com/2771698910 During the process, the issues below were recognized asproblems to be overcome:1: Paradox of alternative methodologyWhen an alternative methodology is developed which aimsto replace master planning, there is always a risk that thealternative plan would become another case of masterplanningshould the plan put too much emphasis oneconomic efficiency. How can we solve this risk?2: Ambivalent informationMeasurable data will be needed for any kind of urbanplanning. Immeasurable data, such as the experience andmemory of residents, is also important. Architects and urbanplanners must balance these two types of information. Howwe can operationalize this kind of decision-making?3: Value of inefficiencyMainly because of economic reasons and time issues, a“platform/network” approach is often likely to be turneddown. Yet master planning often incurs unexpected costs andgenerates complaints, down the road. Thus it is difficult andtime-consuming to evaluate the “best” kind of planning, evenfrom a strictly economic stance. How can the “inefficiency”of the alternative approach be understood as a suitable toolfor urban planning?REFERENCESAlexander, Christopher. 1965. A City is Not a Tree.Architectural Forum.Calle, Sophie. 1999. Double Game. With the participation ofPaul Auster. Violette Editions.Jakobs, Jane. 1961. The Death and Life of Great American Cities,Vintage Books.Kishi, Kenta. March 10, 2011. Meta-Kampung: The ThirdConcept of Sustainability. Plenary speech at InternationalConference on Creative Industry 2011, Bali, Indonesia.http://icci2011.wordpress.com/Koolhaas, Rem. April 03, 2009. Sustainability: advancement vs.apocalypse. Keynote lecture at Ecological Urbanism Conference,Harvard University. http://www.oma.eu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=132&Itemid=25Le Corbusier. 1922. A Contemporary City of Three MillionInhabitants (Ville Contemporaine). Unrealized plan of urbandevelopment.Poster of Camp-on Kampung Exhibition “Refugees of FutureCities” can be downloaded from this link: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/3037653/refugees-of-future-cities.pdfYamasaki, Minoru. 1954. Pruitt–Igoe Housing Project. Urbanredevelopment project.ITS DESPRO (Department of Industrial Design Product,Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember) http://www.its.ac.id/en/despro.phpUBAYA DMP (Program Desain dan Manajemen Produk,Universitas Surabaya) http://ubaya.ac.id/courses/pk_dmp/0/Program-Desain-dan-Manajemen-Produk.htmlWEB AND MEDIA SOURCESculture360. 2011.Refugees of Future Cities. Web magazinehttp://culture360.<strong>org</strong>/event/refugee-of-future-cities-surabayaexhibition/fold this.. 2011.Camp-on Kampung Exhibition. Web magazinehttp://foldmagazine.com/event/camp-on-kampung-exhibition/Indonesia Kreatif. 2011. Web magazineRefugees of Future Citieshttp://www.indonesiakreatif.net/index.php/id/event/read/refugees-of-future-citiesJawa Pos. 2011. Metropolitan sectionApril 04, April 24 and May 02, 2011Prastyo, Eddy. 2011. Suara Surabaya. Web magazinePeneliti Jepang 9 Bulan Blusukan Kampung Surabaya (April 03,2011)http://kelanakota.suarasurabaya.net/?id=d75e6b3628622670f34d54cbbcc4300d201190918Kampung Jadi Benteng Terakhir Kota Surabaya (April 04, 2011)http://kelanakota.suarasurabaya.net/?id=d75e6b3628622670f34d54cbbcc4300d201190926whiteboard journal. 2011. Web magazineRefugees of Future Citieshttp://whiteboardjournal.com/news/event/refugees-of-futurecities.htmlACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis project could not have been conducted without strongteamwork by local participants and stakeholders. KumaraSadana, Pandu Utomo and Bintang Putra were the localdirectors during the whole process. My appreciation also goes toresidents of kampungs Malang Kulon, Plampitan, Lemah Putro,Tambak Bayan and all the other kampung. Lastly, I would like tothank staff and students from UBAYA DMP, and students,lecturers and Mr. Baroto Tavip Indrojarwo (Head of IndustrialDesign Department) at ITS DESPRO, a counterpart of thisproject.The Work of the 2010/2011 API Fellows
100 Panel 3A Mindscape Like No Other? 1Bits and Pieces on the Globalization of Manga Subculture and Visual IdentityHikmat DarmawanIntroductionThe subculture of manga (Japanese comics) hasbecome a part of global youth culture, especially sincethe late 1990s. Why? Is it because of some internalquality of manga, such as the superiority of this uniquevisual culture? Or is it because of something moreexternal, like the economic aspect of this culturalphenomenon? To find answers, the writer visitedJapan and Thailand, where, in journalistic mode, heobserved manga subculture on the street level. InTokyo, he set out to observe the perpetual movementof people, ideas, and things. He found a dynamicbetween “inside” and “outside” that has created aparticular mindscape that makes Japanese visualculture unique. To understand that mindscape isimportant in understanding what Donald Richiecalled “The Image Factory”, a unique aspect of Japan’sindustrialization process. Within this context, we canunderstand more about the globalization of mangasubculture. In some countries, this can be experiencedas a domination of local cultures.I went to Japan to try to understand the roots ofmanga or Japanese comics subculture. I then went onto Chiang Mai and Bangkok in Thailand, where I sawthe globalization of manga and its impact on the localcomics scene in Thailand.In Chiang Mai and Bangkok, manga is a given. Just goto any bookstore, large or small, in either city. Betteryet, go to any of the rental comics shops that are soprevalent in Chiang Mai. You will find that “comics”are “manga” there. “It’s a cultural invasion, there’s noother words for it”, said Penwadee (“Pooh”), a youngfemale curator working in the Jim Thompson galleryin Bangkok.I am very familiar with this phenomenon: the samething happened within Indonesia’s comic scene in the1990s. That is why I became so curious about whatmakes manga so popular around the world. Whatespecially made me curious was the fact that for manymanga enthusiasts in Indonesia, manga culture hadbecome so embedded in their identity that they couldnot help but become “Japanese” to a certain extentwhen they expressed themselves.One of the most talented Indonesian comic artists,Oyas Sujiwo, said to me that in the 1990s, at the heightof his infatuation with manga subculture, he preferredto spread the Japanese flag in his home during thecelebration of Indonesian Independence Day onAugust 17. Now he says he “knows better”, but he stilldoesn’t know why he did it.I was intrigued as to how this quintessentially Japanese(pop) culture could be so influential on current youthculture in far-flung places. I had read Daniel Choo’sbook, Otacool, which is basically a photo album aboutOtaku 2 (manga fans) around the world. There wassomething surreal for me, reading about an adultCaucasian so in love with Sailor Moon characters andfeeling really “cool”.I wanted to understand this subculture, the lure, theseduction, the machination. I wanted to see it frominside.Non-methodical researchIn Wrong About Japan, Australian novelist PeterCarey seamlessly chronicled his many initial notionsand assertions about Japan and how they all dissolvedafter he got there. Like me, he was driven by curiosityabout what made Japanese popular culture tick, and hewent there on a trip with his son to find out.At the end of the trip, and of the book, Carey said hefelt that almost all outsiders would find their from-adistanceimage of Japan quite wrong then theyencounter the reality of being there. But at the end ofthe experience, they will have found their own Japan.This was somewhat damning for my own research. Iwanted to do journalistic research, like Carey’s. Hisbook made me think that I will be wrong about Japanand I will find my own Japan anyway. I thought Imight as well experience the unknown fully, then.The Work of the 2010/2011 API Fellows
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CULTURE, POWER AND PRACTICES:THE GL
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viABOUT THE BOOKCULTURE, POWER AND
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viiiACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe API Coordin
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x(co-authored with Gunawan Wiradi,
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xiiSri Wahyuni is the director of t
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xivThe gap between rich and poor is
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xviand development mainly: Economy,
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xviiiIn closing, I would like to qu
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xxmovements to defend their rights,
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xxiicomplex relationships between f
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MULTIPLE MODERNITIES: GLOBALIZATION
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OPENING REMARKS AND OVERVIEWDr. Rat
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247There is also a massive movement
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249need to be looked at, as globali
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251Appendix IWorkshop ScheduleThe T
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25313:00 - 15:00 Concluding PanelCh
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255THAILANDAroon Puritat, Artist an
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257RAPPORTEURSGarry MorrisonMarian
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Communication, Education and Public
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261have used tourism as a mechanism
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263Panel 4: Multiple Modernities vi
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265out how Asian women politicians
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267CONTACT DETAILS (as of March 201
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