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MULTIPLE IDENTITIES VIA SPIRITUALITY, HISTORIES AND CULTURAL RE-PRESENTATIONS 1494. Mindfulness is not just a matter of “technique”,as often investigated by the scientific andmedical community. It is a way of life. It has acognitive framework and an ethical framework,as earlier discussed. We should always allowsuch cognitive-ethical frameworks to bereexamined whenever necessary, in continuingdialog with modern science, as well as withother religious, philosophical traditions orevolving worldviews.5. Mindfulness is meant to assess a situation of“suffering”, using “suffering” as an opportunityfor growth: Quoting the 13th century Sufi poetand mindfulness teacher Jelaluddin Rumi: “Donot turn your head. Keep looking at the bandagedplace. That’s where the light enters you”.NOTES78The Eight Limbs of Yoga: The Yamas explicitly setrequirements for the ancient yogi to follow a code of moralconduct – non-harming (ahimsa), truthfulness or non-lying(satya), non-stealing (asteya), sexual continence or celibacy(bramacharya), and non-possessiveness. These weredefinitely guidelines for shramana or ascetic monk training.The eight limbs of yoga prepare the postulant for acontemplative lifestyle, dedicated towards achieving anenlightened consciousness through meditation. To be able todo this, one has to be socially engaged in a positive way,observe personal hygiene and purification steps (niyamas),then dedicate oneself to the individual practice of meditationwhich starts from a correct sitting posture (asana). Breathawareness and breath control exercises (pranayama) help toprepare the body for different levels of contemplation(dharana and jhana), until one reaches the promisedenlightened state of mind (samadhi).Dr. Herbert Benson was a Physiology professor at HarvardUniversity in the 1970s, and authored the book TheRelaxation Response based on his meditation research studies.See: Profile of Dr. Herbert Benson: http://www.mbmi.org/benson/default.asp1 My API Fellowship Activity Report can be accessed online at:https://sites.google.com/site/mykyotodiaryofmind/home234Hindu and Buddhist traditions incorporate the concept ofkleshas in reference to defilements which obstruct theattainment of full human potential. See http://www.palikanon.com/english/wtb/g_m/kilesa.htm as well ashttp://www.nathorder.org/wiki/Five_KleshasThe term “Axial age” was first coined by the Germanphilosopher Karl Jaspers (1883 – 1969). Jaspers pointed tothe period between 800 to 200 BCE in which greatrevolutionary thinking arose in China, India and the West,during which the common goal of sages was the search for themeaning of human existence. The “axial age” concept wasfurther explored by Karl Armstrong (2006).Archaeological excavations have revealed a number ofsymbols important to the people of the Indus Valleycivilization which include the pipal tree (bodhi tree), animalssuch as the elephant and the deer, and the image of a humanfigure seated in a cross-legged meditation posture. These areimportant images in Buddhism.9 Other papers did show that mantra recitations, whether ofthe Christian or Hindu type, could affect autonomicresponses. See: Bernardi L, Sleight P, Bandinelli G, CencettiS, Fattorini L, Wdowczyc-Szulc J, Lagi A. Effect of rosaryprayer and yoga mantras on autonomic cardiovascularrhythms: a comparative study. British Medical Journal.2001;323:1446-910 For descriptions of the mindfulness-based stress reductionprogram started by Dr. Jon Kabat-Zinn, see: http://www.umassmed.edu/Content.aspx?id=4242611 The titles of some representative science papers on the effectsof yoga and mindfulness on emotional health can be accessedat my website: https://sites.google.com/site/mykyotodiaryofmind/home/vii-appendix-preliminaryreview-papers/api_endnote-4612 The titles of some representative meta-analytical reviews ofyoga and mindfulness studies appearing in medical journalpublications can be accessed at my website: https://sites.google.com/site/mykyotodiaryofmind/home/viiappendix-preliminary-review-papers/api_endnote-4756Some online sources of translations and commentaries onPatanjali’s Yoga Sutras include: http://www.abardoncompanion.com/Alex/Patanjali.pdf ; http://www.swamij.com/yoga-sutras.htmFor free online access to the Pali Canon, see: http://www.palicanon.org/. The Buddha’s discourses were dividedinto three parts: (1) Vinaya Pitaka contains all the ruleswhich the Buddha laid down for monks and nuns; (2) thesecond part is called the Suttanta Pitaka which contains theDiscourses; (3) the third part is known as the AbhidhammaPitaka which comprises the psycho-ethical teachings of theBuddha.13 See: Grossman P, Niemann L, Schmidt S, Walach H.Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits. Ameta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2004Jul;57(1):35-43.14 See: Toneatto T, Nguyen L. Does mindfulness meditationimprove anxiety and mood symptoms? A review of thecontrolled research. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2007Apr;52(4):260-6. Review.15 See: Ledesma D, Kumano H. Mindfulness-based stressreduction and cancer: a meta-analysis. Psychooncology. 2009Jun;18(6):571-9.The Work of the 2010/2011 API Fellows
150 Panel 416 Chiesa A, Serretti A. Mindfulness-based stress reduction forstress management in healthy people: a review and metaanalysis.Journal of Alternative and ComplementaryMedicine. 2009 May;15(5):593-600.17 For discussions on the mechanisms of the health benefits ofyogic practices, see: Kuntsevich V, Bushell WC, Theise ND.Mechanisms of yogic practices in health, aging, and disease.Mt Sinai J Med. 2010 Sep-Oct;77(5):559-6918 A recent study has been published on the effects of a threemonthmeditation retreat, increasing telomerase activity inretreat participants versus control subjects: Jacobs TL, EpelES, Lin J, Blackburn EH, Wolkowitz OM, Bridwell DA,Zanesco AP, Aichele SR, Sahdra BK, MacLean KA, King BG,Shaver PR, Rosenberg EL, Ferrer E, Wallace BA, Saron CD.Intensive meditation training, immune cell telomeraseactivity, and psychological mediators.Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011 Jun;36(5):664-8. Epub2010 Oct 29.19 The website of the Preventive Medicine Research Institute,founded by Dr. Dean Ornish who is a pioneer in the area ofintegrating mindfulness practices in health care, is at: http://www.pmri.org/20 The Benson-Henry Institute for Mind-Body Medicinefounded by Harvard University Professor Emeritus Dr.Herbert Benson integrates mindfulness practices withmainstream Western medicine.See: http://www.massgeneral.org/bhi/about/21 The online group Mindfulness in Education Network wasinspired by the work of the Vietnamese Zen monk and peaceactivist Thich Nhat Hanh. See the website at: http://www.mindfuled.org/22 The website of the Association for Mindfulness in Educationis at: http://www.mindfuleducation.org/23 Case studies on mindfulness in educational settings arechronicled here: http://www.mindfulnet.org/page7.htm24 The website of Mindful Schools in California, USA. http://www.mindfulschools.org/25 The mindful leadership training program of the Center forMindfulness in Health Care, Medicine and Society: http://www.umassmed.edu/cfm/leadership/index.aspxREFERENCESArmstrong, Karen. 2000. Buddha. USA: Phoenix (paperbackedition)Armstrong, Karen. 2006. The Great Transformation: TheBeginning of Our Religious Traditions. Alfred A. Knopf /Random HouseCarroll, Michael. 2007. The Mindful Leader: Awakening YourNatural Management Skills through Mindfulness Meditation.USA: Trumpeter Books.Desikachar, T.K.V. 1995. The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali (Part III).In The Heart of Yoga. 143 – 215. Rochester, Vermont: InnerTraditions International.Didonna, Fabrizi (editor). 2009. Clinical Handbook ofMindfulness. New York, U.S.A.: Springer.Epel, Elissa, J. Daubenmier , J.T. Moskowitz, S. Folkman, and E.Blackburn. 2009. Can Meditation Slow Rate of Cellular Aging?Cognitive Stress, Mindfulness, and Telomeres in: Longevity,Regeneration, and Optimal Health: Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1172:34–53 (2009).doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04414.x C 2009 New YorkAcademy of Sciences. p. 35Fontana, David and Ingrid Slack. 2007. Teaching Meditation toChildren: The Practical Guide to the Use and Benefits ofMeditation Techniques. U.K.: Watkins Publishing.Fox, Mathew. 1999. Introduction: A Species WantingAttention. In Sins of the Spirit, Strengths of the Flesh. New York:Three Rivers Press.Gunaratana, Venerable Henepola. 1992 Mindfulness in PlainEnglish. Wisdom Publications. (http://www.vipassana.com/meditation/mindfulness_in_plain_english.php_ )Kabat-Zinn, Jon. 1990. Full Catastrophe Living: Using theWisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness.USA: Bantam Dell (Random House)Odier, Daniel. 1986. Nirvana Tao: The Secret MeditationTechniques of the Taoist and Buddhist Masters. USA: InnerTraditions.Ravindra, Ravi. 2006. Yoga in the Yoga Sutra and the BhagavadGita. In The Spiritual Roots of Yoga: The Royal Path to Freedom.45 – 100. Canada: Morning Light Press.Santina, Peter Della. 1999. Tree of Enlightenment: AnIntroduction to the Major Traditions of Buddhism. Yin ShunFoundation. Available at http://peterdellasantina.org/books/tree_of_enlightenment.htm.Shoeberlein, Deboraha and Suki Sheth. 2009. Mindful Teachingand Teaching Mindfulness: A Guide for Anyone Who TeachesAnything. Boston, USA: Wisdom Publications.Shapiro, Shauna L. and Linda E. Carlson. 2009. The Art andScience of Mindfulness: Integrating Mindfulness into Psychologyand the Helping Professions. Washington, DC, USA: AmericanPsychological Association.Siegel, Ronald D., Christopher K. Germer, and AndrewOlendzki. 2009. Mindfulness: What Is it? Where Did It ComeFrom? In Clinical Handbook of Mindfulness, ed. FabrizioDidonna, 17 – 35.USA: Springer.Sujiva 2000. Essentials of Insight Meditation (A PragmaticApproach to Vipassana). Malaysia: Buddhist Wisdom Centre.The Work of the 2010/2011 API Fellows
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CULTURE, POWER AND PRACTICES:THE GL
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viABOUT THE BOOKCULTURE, POWER AND
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viiiACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe API Coordin
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x(co-authored with Gunawan Wiradi,
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xiiSri Wahyuni is the director of t
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xivThe gap between rich and poor is
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xviand development mainly: Economy,
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xviiiIn closing, I would like to qu
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xxmovements to defend their rights,
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xxiicomplex relationships between f
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xxivIndonesian Academy of Social Sc
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MULTIPLE MODERNITIES: GLOBALIZATION
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POTENTIAL OF LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND PR
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58 Panel 2(Left) Kurazukuri are anc
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OPENING REMARKS AND OVERVIEWDr. Rat
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247There is also a massive movement
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249need to be looked at, as globali
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251Appendix IWorkshop ScheduleThe T
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25313:00 - 15:00 Concluding PanelCh
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255THAILANDAroon Puritat, Artist an
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257RAPPORTEURSGarry MorrisonMarian
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Communication, Education and Public
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261have used tourism as a mechanism
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263Panel 4: Multiple Modernities vi
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265out how Asian women politicians
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267CONTACT DETAILS (as of March 201
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