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247There is also a massive movement of Chinese workers. In Burma alone there has been an estimated 1.5 to 3million Chinese migrants to the country since the 1990s. Migrations have also occurred to Laos, Cambodia andVietnam. There is also an increasing push by China to export Chinese culture to the world. In the Mekong region,Confucius Institutes (CI) have mushroomed in the last decade. Since 2005, every country has at least one. InThailand alone, 24 institutes were set up between 2006 and 2008.Dawei (Tavoy) Special Economic Zone: Its Prospects and ChallengesMr.Frankie Abreu, Coordinator, Another Development for Burma (ADB)Mr. Frankie Abreu showed a documentary made by Another Development for Burma and filmed by the localpeople of Dawei (Tavoy) in Burma, covering the proposed Dawei deep-sea port project. He stated that a legacy oflongtime dictatorship in Burma means that there is still a lack of transparency in sharing information.Information and access to the Dawei area is restricted due to controversies and conflict around the project. TheDawei project was agreed and signed on between Thailand and Burma in 2008. It is a multi-billion dollar projectbeing developed by the Ital-Thai Industrial Company Limited. The project’s 10-year plan envisions transformingthe region into a Special Economic Zone and includes development of a large 250-square-kilometer industrialzone for heavy industry and petro-chemical plants. The envisioned project is eight times larger than the Map TaPhut Industrial Zone in Rayong, Thailand, which is run by the same company.Four key concerns around the Dawei Special Economic Zone (DSEZ) are land ownership rights, landconfiscations, compensation and relocation. Displacement is a huge concern, together with environmentalconcerns as there is no proper law for the protection of the environment in Burma. It is expected that 19 villageswith about 10,000 people will be relocated. Construction of a highway is already underway and heavy machineryis bulldozing local vegetation upon the communities depend. In Dawei, the government presented the project asan opportunity for jobs for local communities, but after the villagers got access to more information and got toknow about the scope of the project they did not wish to partake. Initially the people were also unaware of theirrights, but now they are aware of their rights to land and are networking and engaging in advocacy andnegotiations with the company. There was some talk about compensation by the company for land already takenby October 2011, but when inquiries were made villagers denied getting any compensation. The Burmesegovernment has also deployed troops to be stationed along several locations between the port and the Thai borderwhere work is underway to build a multi-lane highway.Discussant - Dr. Chayan VaddhanaphutiIn the Mekong region, investments for mega-projects are being backed by private companies, but the State stillplays a vital role as a facilitator. The Dawei project is backed by the States of Thailand and China who haveprovided strong support, giving the project more legitimacy despite environmental and people’s concerns. TheItalthai Group is also responsible for the construction of Map Ta Phut Industrial Zone in Rayong in Thailandwhich is experiencing many health and environment concerns. Air pollution has caused health problems forchildren and the government hospital at Map Ta Phut had to be relocated due to deposits of toxic waste near thehospital area. It is possible that concerns over this industrial zone led the Thai government to support movingnew similar industries to Dawei in Burma.The DSEZ will also be a site for the construction ships. The port is expected to accommodate 25 large-size vesselswith a ship-building and maintaining yard, a power plant, steel, fertilizers and oil and natural gases and a refineryplant. The port when finished would be the largest deep-sea port in the region. Though the official resettlementprogram estimates only about 10,000 people to be relocated, many more non-registered people will also beaffected. The situation is further complicated due to the fact that the zone is a highly volatile area with clashes stilloccurring between the New Mon State Party (NMSP), the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) and theBurmese army. Dr. Chayan cautioned that increased investment in the area could fuel further clashes and increaseexisting conflicts.The Work of the 2010/2011 API Fellows
248PANEL 3: SAFE MIGRATION AND HUMAN TRAFFICKINGThe Incorporation of Young Filipino Workers into the Offshore Call Center IndustryMs. Resmi Seti Milawait, API Fellow from IndonesiaMs. Resmi presented her API Fellowship research conducted in Metro Manila in the Philippines which is the siteof a growing number of Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) companies. The research puts in context thepractice of offshoring (offshore outsourcing) in the global services industry. The motivation for offshoreoutsourcing is to minimize production costs and maximize profits by finding cheaper labor (labor arbitrage) andputting time zone differences to profitable use (time arbitrage), (Nadeem 2011). Key BPO components include:call/contact centers, medical transcription, computer animation, software development, engineering and others.Among these, call centers are considered to be more labor intensive but require fewer skills than other BPO subsectors.There has been a rapid succession of BPOs in the Philippines and within a span of 10 years employment hasincreased from 2000 in 2001 to over half a million in 2010. Some 70 percent of this was contributed by callcenters. In 2010, the Philippines call centers took over the position as the number one call center provider in theworld from India. Many youths are lured into the call centers due to the attractive salary package, which can rangefrom US$300 to US$1000 per month, which is higher than the minimum wage in the Philippines. Ms. Resmiexplained that the typical official call center working arrangement is that workers work five days a week and anaverage nine hours of work per day. Some 70 percent of the call centers operate night shifts from 9 pm in theevening until 8 am the next morning. The majority cater to American customers. Call center employees work on adifferent time schedule and may become alienated from other sections of society. Trainers teach the workers tosmile while taking calls. This can be draining as a worker may take up to 100 calls during peak hours. They alsohave to bear the brunt of clients who can be abusive. Workers are often away from their families and this increasesrisky behaviors such as frequent changes of sex partners and pre-marital relationships. Masking one’s nationalityand name makes some workers uncomfortable, though some prefer it.Situation of Cross Border Human TraffickingMs. Duen Wongsa, Anti-Trafficking Coordination Unit Northern Thailand (TRAFCORD)Ms. Duen Wongsa expressed concern over the social issues being faced across borders. Large-scale developmentprojects cause migration. Some of those migrating become victims of human trafficking. The work on antitraffickingin the north of Thailand is predominantly about the sexual exploitation of girls, especially Shan girls.Girls from Laos, Vietnam and Thailand also become victims of human sexual trafficking. Other cases relate tolabor exploitation which takes the form of forced labor in mainly factories, sweat shops, and the agriculture sector.In Thailand there is a growing instance of forced labor in the fishing sector, mostly involving victims fromCambodia. This has caught the attention of the international community. In the past the fishing industry haddomestic laborers, but now a lot of migrant workers are exploited. Thailand has been put on the US watch list as,given its strategic location in the region, it is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women andchildren that are trafficked for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor.Thailand promulgated the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act in 2008. The Royal Thai Government and NGOshave been seeking collaboration with other countries in the region. Cooperation with just the Mekong countriesis not enough as one of the receiving countries is Malaysia. Previously many Thais have been taken to Malaysia forsex work, and some women are also trafficked from Burma, the Philippines and southern China. Thailand hasbeen trying to sign an MoU with Malaysia, but it has been a challenge pushing this issue, particularly withinASEAN.The challenge is the need to bring about change in the policy of Thailand and other countries to addresstrafficking in persons. One reason contributing to migration and trafficking are political conflicts that give rise tohuman rights violations and act as a push factor for people seeking jobs and better livelihoods. Labor policies alsoThe Work of the 2010/2011 API Fellows
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CULTURE, POWER AND PRACTICES:THE GL
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viABOUT THE BOOKCULTURE, POWER AND
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viiiACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe API Coordin
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x(co-authored with Gunawan Wiradi,
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xiiSri Wahyuni is the director of t
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xivThe gap between rich and poor is
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xviand development mainly: Economy,
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xviiiIn closing, I would like to qu
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xxiicomplex relationships between f
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MULTIPLE MODERNITIES: GLOBALIZATION
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FLUX AND FLOWS OF PEOPLE, POWER AND
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Page 272 and 273: OPENING REMARKS AND OVERVIEWDr. Rat
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Page 282 and 283: 255THAILANDAroon Puritat, Artist an
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Page 294 and 295: 267CONTACT DETAILS (as of March 201
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