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POTENTIAL OF LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES:A POSSIBILITY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?49have major political clout. Nonetheless, this alliance isnot absolute. Ethnic minority groups claiming adatland rights in the eastern part of the district mightreceive support from Lundayeh politicians, andindividuals in the west appealing to national land lawgain sympathy from Bugis parliamentarians. TheLundayeh-Bugis political alliance is a marriage ofconvenience, which improves land tenure security foreach; but this arrangement might be annulled if a pactalong other lines of interest takes political precedence.As for the role of women and the youth, it wasobserved in both countries that traditional institutionsand authority are often not gender or socially inclusive.This is because transfer of authority and leadership areusually by inheritance and passed on to maledescendants. As a consequence, women are usuallyexcluded from the traditional leadership role. Theyouth also have limited access to traditionalleadership—more so, since the younger generationtends to be more open toward change and modernstructures. Recent changes, however, have also resultedin the involvement of wider sectors of the community,such as women and youth leaders.ConclusionIndigenous peoples continue to face this dilemma–toengage with the mainstream political process and seekparticipation in government, or not. Others haveexplored interfacing traditional forms of governmentwith the state system. In many instances, these arechanges that they have either consciously chosen orhave little choice, but to take. Nevertheless, theIndigenous peoples continue to constantly adapt andfind workable solutions to accommodate newcircumstances.While it is apparent that Indigenous peoples haveparticipated in local government in varying ways anddegrees, the problems remain.As can be seen in the experiences of indigenouscommunities in Malaysia and Indonesia, changes inthe leadership structure have contributed to thedifficulties in the communities. Distrust of appointedvillage leaders is a concern which results incommunities’ becoming fragmented. Since thecommunities are deprived of their right to choose theirown leaders, they cannot ensure the quality of theirleadership. Meanwhile, those who participate in localgovernment, one way or another, are often not directlyaccountable to their communities. As such, they arenot obliged to follow the agenda of the indigenous<strong>org</strong>anizations or the aims of their communities. Thus,there exists no clear link between the politicalrepresentatives looking after their affairs. Also, manyIndigenous peoples in government have lost theirindigenous values and are not concerned aboutindigenous values and ways of life.One factor that also affects indigenous engagements ishow they are linked to mainstream political structures.A significant number of indigenous communities inMalaysia and Indonesia remain highly isolated, whileothers are strongly linked—which severely threatensindigenous structures.Another factor is the Indigenous people’s majority orminority status. In most instances, indigenouscommunities constitute a small minority; thus, theprimary need is to protect their rights since they areoften discriminated upon or their rights barelyrecognized, if not disregarded altogether. In instanceswhere indigenous communities have majority status(as in the case of Sabah and Sarawak), the issue lies inthe interaction between indigenous structures andauthorities, on the one hand, and their mainstreamcounterpart.Despite these challenges, indigenous communitiescontinue to adapt. As such, it is now incumbent uponthe governments to acknowledge the role andcontribution of these communities to localdevelopment.There is no doubt that the recognition of the right ofIndigenous peoples to freely determine their politicalstatus and pursue their economic social and culturaldevelopment, as well as their formal or informalintegration in local governance, will not only lead tosustainable local development, but also to theimprovement of the Indigenous people’s everydaylives.REFERENCESCordillera Peoples Alliance, PACOS Trust et al. eds. 2005.Indigenous Peoples and Local Government: Experiences fromMalaysia and the Philippines. Copenhagen: IWGIA.Erni, Christian, ed. 2008. The Concept of Indigenous Peoples inAsia: A Resource Book. Copenhagen/Chiang Mai: IWGIA.The Work of the 2010/2011 API Fellows
50 Panel 2Human Rights Council. Progress Report on the Study onIndigenous Peoples and the Right to Participate on Decision-Making: Report of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights ofIndigenous Peoples, UN Doc A/HRC/EMRIP/2010/2. Athttp://www.ohchr.<strong>org</strong>/EN/Issues/IPeoples/EMRIP/Pages/ExpertMechanismDocumentation.aspx#session3.Malaysian Environmental NGOs (MENGO), ed. 2010.Indigenous Rights, Development, Land and Identity - Law andPolicies Relating to the Rights of Indigenous Peoples of Sabah.Malaysia: Percetakan Soon Lee Heng.Malaysian Environmental NGOs (MENGO), ed. 2010. Right toLand, Right to Heritage - Laws and Policies Relating to the Rightsof Indigenous Peoples in Sarawak. Malaysia: Percetakan Soon LeeHeng.Smith, Linda Tuhiwai. 1999. N. Decolonizing Methodologies:Research and Indigenous Peoples. New York: Zed Books Ltd.London & New York.The Work of the 2010/2011 API Fellows
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CULTURE, POWER AND PRACTICES:THE GL
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viABOUT THE BOOKCULTURE, POWER AND
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viiiACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe API Coordin
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x(co-authored with Gunawan Wiradi,
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xiiSri Wahyuni is the director of t
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xivThe gap between rich and poor is
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xviand development mainly: Economy,
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xviiiIn closing, I would like to qu
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xxmovements to defend their rights,
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xxiicomplex relationships between f
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POTENTIAL OF LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND PR
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MULTIPLE IDENTITIES VIA THE GLOBALI
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MULTIPLE IDENTITIES VIA SPIRITUALIT
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FLUX AND FLOWS OF PEOPLE, POWER AND
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OPENING REMARKS AND OVERVIEWDr. Rat
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247There is also a massive movement
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249need to be looked at, as globali
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251Appendix IWorkshop ScheduleThe T
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25313:00 - 15:00 Concluding PanelCh
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255THAILANDAroon Puritat, Artist an
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257RAPPORTEURSGarry MorrisonMarian
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Communication, Education and Public
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261have used tourism as a mechanism
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263Panel 4: Multiple Modernities vi
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265out how Asian women politicians
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267CONTACT DETAILS (as of March 201
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